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PublicationsResearch on Pesticide Bio- and PhytoremediationORD/NCER STAR GRANTS Introduction The research projects described below are funded by NCER grants. For convenience, all grants have been placed under topic areas that describe the overall, general objectives of the projects. Specific information is given for each grant that includes: title, web address, EPA grant number, principal investigator(s), institution (university), NCER project officer, dates during which the grant is funded, and a brief description of the research. Science Questions and Issues that NCER Is Addressing Related to Pesticide Bio- and Phytoremediation
NCER RESEARCH RELATED TO BIO- AND PHYTOREMEDIATION OF PESTICIDES WHAT TYPES OF ORGANISMS CAN BE USED TO REMEDIATE AREAS CONTAMINATED BY PESTICIDES? Final Report - Application of Surface Expresses Phosphotriesterase
for Detoxification and Monitoring of Organophosphorus Pesticides
Research investigated the possibility of degrading organophosphorous pesticides using bacteria with surface-exposed phophoesterases as "live" biocatalysts. In addition, an optical biosensor for the direct determination of organophosphorus compounds was developed. Three different amperometric biosensors based on the organophosphorus hydrolase enzyme were developed. In batch operations, 100 percent of a model organophosphate nerve agent, paraoxon, was degraded in less than 2 hours. In addition to paraoxon, other commonly used organophosphates, such as diazinon, coumaphos, and methyl parathion were hydrolyzed efficiently. Publications/Presentations: Chen W, Mulchandani A. The use of "live biocatalysts" for pesticide detoxification. TIBTECH 1998;16:71-76. Kaneva I, Mulchandani A, Chen W. Optimization of parathion degradation using surface expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. Biotechnology Progress 1998;14:275-278. Kaneva I, Mulchandani P, Richins R, Mulchandani A, Chen W. Biodetoxification and monitoring of organophosphorus nerve agents by surface expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. Presented at the Scientific Conference on Chemical and Biological Defense Research, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD, November 18–21, 1997. Kaneva I, Mulchandani A, Chen W. Organophosphorus pesticides detoxification by immobilized recombinant E. coli with surface expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. Presented at the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) National Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, November 16–21, 1997. Kaneva I, Mulchandani P, Richins R, Chen W, Mulchandani A. Biodetoxification and monitoring of organophosphorus pesticides by surface expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. Presented at the Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, September 15–17, 1997. Mulchandani A, Kaneva I, Chen W. Detoxification of organophosphate pesticides by immobilized Escherichia coli expressing organophosphorus hydrolase on cell surface. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1999;63:216-223. Mulchandani A, Mulchandani P, Chen W, Wang J, Chen L. Amperometric thick-film strip electrodes for monitoring organophosphate nerve agents based on immobilized organophosphorus hydrolase. Analytical Chemistry 1999;71:2246-2249. Mulchandani A, Pan S, Chen W. Fiber-optic biosensor for direct determination of organophosphate nerve agents. Biotechnology Progress 1999;15:130-134. Mulchandani A, Mulchandani P, Kaneva I, Chen W. Biosensors for direct determination of organophosphates. Presented at the NATO-ASI on Enzymes in Heteroatom Chemistry: Green Solutions for Chemical Reactions, Berg en Dal, The Netherlands, June 19–30, 1999. Mulchandani A, Richins RD, Mulchandani P, Kaneva I, Chen W. Biodegradation of organophosphorus nerve agents by surface expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. Presented at the NATO-ASI on Enzymes in Heteroatom Chemistry: Green Solutions for Chemical Reactions, Berg en Dal, The Netherlands, June 19–30, 1999. Mulchandani A, Mulchandani P, Kaneva I, W Chen. Biosensor for direct determination of organophosphate nerve agents using recombinant Escherichia coli with surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. 1. Potentiometric microbial electrode. Analytical Chemistry 1998;70:4140-4145. Mulchandani A, Kaneva I, Chen W. Microbial biosensor for direct determination of organophosphate nerve agents using recombinant Escherichia coli with surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. 2. Fiber-optic microbial biosensor. Analytical Chemistry 70:5042-5046. Mulchandani A. Biosensors for organophosphate nerve agents. Lecture). Presented at the 48th Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference, London, Ontario, Canada, October 4–7, 1998. Mulchandani A, Kaneva I, Chen W. Fiber-optic microbial biosensor for organophosphorus pesticides. Presented at the 215th American Chemical Society Meeting, Boston, MA, August 23–27, 1998. Mulchandani P, Mulchandani A, Kaneva I, Chen W. Biosensor for direct determination of organophosphate nerve agents. 1. Potentiometric enzyme electrode. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 1999;14:77-85. Mulchandani P, Chen W, Mulchandani A. A potentiometric microbial electrode for the direct measurement of organophosphorus compounds. Presented at the 213th American Chemical Society National Meeting, San Francisco, CA, April 13–17, 1997. Pan S, Chen W, Mulchandani A. Fiber-optic enzyme biosensor for organophosphate nerve agents. Presented at the Gordon Research Conference, Henniker, NH, July 27–31, 1997. Richins RD, Wang AA, Mulchandani A, Chen W. High efficiency biodegradation of organophosphate nerve agents using novel immobilized catalysts. Presented at the NATO-ASI on Enzymes in Heteroatom Chemistry: Green Solutions for Chemical Reactions, Berg en Dal, The Netherlands, June 19–30, 1999. Richins R, Kaneva I, Mulchandani A, Chen W. Biodegradation of organophosphorus pesticides by surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. Nature Biotechnology 1997;15:984-987. Richins R, Mulchandani A, Chen W. Biodegradation of organophosphorus pesticides by surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. Presented at the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) National Meeting, Chicago, IL, November 10–15, 1996. Roger KR, Wang Y, Mulchandani A, Mulchandani P, Chen W. Organophosphorus hydrolase-based fluorescence assay for organophosphate pesticides. Biotechnology Progress 1999;15:517-521. Wang J, Chen L, Mulchandani A, Mulchandani P, Chen W. Remote biosensor for in situ monitoring of organophosphate nerve agents. Electroanalysis 1999;11:866-869. Final Report - Anaerobic Degradation of Chlorinated Benzoic
Acid Herbicides Coupled to Denitrification This study revealed that the predominant electron accepting process can effect the rate and extent of dicamba degradation in anaerobic environments. Dicamba can be anaerobically biodegraded and mineralized under methanogenic conditions. The work suggests that the electron acceptors present in an environment will influence in situ degradation of herbicides in anoxic soils and sediments. Fellowship - Determination of Limiting Factors in Fungal Bioremediation The goal of this project is to better understand factors important for developing viable fungal bioremediation strains using Trichoderma virens and organophosphate hydrolase (OPH) as a model system. WHAT TYPES OF PLANTS CAN BE USED TO REMEDIATE AREAS CONTAMINATED BY PESTICIDES? Riparian Poplar Tree Buffer Impact on Non-point Source Surface
Water Contamination: A Paired Agricultural Watershed Study Objectives are to develop a paired watershed research site sufficiently instrumented to develop a hydrologic, silt, and agricultural chemical movement database; to compile the watershed basin data in a form usable with existing EPA and USDA models to understand the impact of perennial tree buffers on the runoff water quantity and quality from "conventionally" farmed land; to install alternative perennial plant buffer designs to compare plant survival, biomass growth potential, sediment interception, subsurface nitrate movement in near-surface ground water, and herbicide movement from up-gradient application to the stream; to test equipment and tillage practices required by farmers to make this plant production practical; and to develop an education and technology exchange program to explain watershed-scale conservation and cropping concepts to agriculturists, farmers, media, and all ages of students. The Use of Vegetation to Enhance Bioremediation of Surface Soils
Contaminated with Pesticide Wastes The primary objective of this project is to determine the role
of herbicide-tolerant plants and commodity plants in facilitating
microbial degradation of herbicide wastes in soils. This information
can then be used in defining the potential role of vegetation, under
specific types of chemical contamination (herbicides, insecticides,
industrial chemicals) in the bioremediation AAAS Fellowship - Development of a Phytoremediation Handbook:
Considerations for Enhancing Microbial Degradation in the Rhizosphere Several criteria related to contaminants and their location within
the matrix should be considered before phytoremediation is selected
as an appropriate treatment option for a particular contaminated
site. Selection of the appropriate plant species is the critical
step for the success of this technology. A better understanding
of the mechanisms involved can be useful in the plant WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT PESTICIDE ENVIRONMENTAL FATE? Final Report - Redox Status and Degradation Kinetics of Representative
Triazine and Urea Herbicides in Soil-Water Systems This study provided half-lives for the degradation of atrazine and diuron under transient (transition from aerobic to anaerobic conditions) and steady-state redox conditions (nitrate, iron, and sulfate-reducing conditions) in a porous soil matrix that mimics the natural soil environment. Publications/Presentations: Jayaweera GR, Biggar JW. Dynamics of atrazine degradation at specific redox conditions in soil. Presented at the 1998 ASA, CSSA, SSSA Annual Meetings, Baltimore, MD, October 18-22, 1998. Formation and Transformation of Pesticide Degradation Products
Under Various Electron Acceptor Conditions Objectives are to develop and refine analytical techniques required to identify pesticide degradation products, develop and operate batch reactors under each of the four electron acceptor conditions, screen each reactor for major metabolic products, obtain and analyze field samples from research site for metabolites, and develop and test a mathematical model. WHAT TECHNOLOGIES ARE AVAILABLE FOR PESTICIDE RESIDUE DETECTION? Novel Fiber Optic Biosensor for Pesticide Residue Detection The objective of this technology is the identification of pesticide residues in field applications using highly reliable, rapid, low-cost, portable instrumentation. Instrumentation will use the optical fiber long-period granting (LPG) sensing element as a viable field-portable platform for the quantitative, selective identification of pesticides in soils and groundwater. Biosensors for Field Monitoring of Organophosphate Pesticides The overall objective of this research is to develop, optimize, characterize, and validate biosensors for rapid, selective, sensitive, precise, accurate, simple and low-cost discrete and real-time in-situ monitoring of organophosphate pesticides in the field. Signal Amplification of Nonextractive Immunoassay This project will develop a signal-amplified, nonextractive immunoassay for inexpensive field assays of contaminated soils and sediments with detection limits in the low part-per-trillion range. OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT BIO- AND PHYTOREMEDIATION FOR PESTICIDES Pesticide bio- and phytoremediation information can also be found at other agencies including: US Department of Agriculture Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable
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