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The Human Genome Project (HGP) refers to the international 13-year effort, formally begun in October 1990 and completed in 2003, to discover all the estimated 20,000-25,000 human genes and make them accessible for further biological study. Another project goal was to determine the complete sequence of the 3 billion DNA subunits (bases in the human genome). As part of the HGP, parallel studies were carried out on selected model organisms such as the bacterium E. coli and the mouse to help develop the technology and interpret human gene function. The DOE Human Genome Program and the NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) together sponsored the U.S. Human Genome Project.

History of the Project

• Timeline: Major Events in the Human Genome Project
• Progress and Milestones (includes links to post-HGP publications)
• Table of HGP Goals and Corresponding Completion Dates
• Landmark Papers from Science and Nature
• Budget history of the U.S. Human Genome Project
• U.S. Human Genome Project Goals
  • 1998-2003
  • 1993-1998
  • 1991-1995

Publications Summarizing Various Aspects of the Project

• Special issue of Science: Building on the DNA Revolution (April 11, 2003)
  • "The Human Genome Project: Lessons from Large-Scale Biology," Francis S. Collins, Michael Morgan, Aristides Patrinos, Science 300, 286 (2003)
  • "Realizing the Potential of the Genome Revolution: The Genomes to Life Program," Marvin E. Frazier, Gary M. Johnson, David G. Thomassen, Carl E. Oliver, Aristides Patrinos, Science 300, 290 (2003)
• Nature Genetics: A 10-Year Retrospective 1992-2002 (vol. 33, March 2003)
• Controversial From the Start --Science article summarizing the history of the HGP (February 2001)
• Genomes: 15 Years Later--A perspective from Charles DeLisi, HGP Pioneer (July 2001)
• 1997 Human Genome Program Report contains history of the Project
• Bermuda Conference Data Release Policies (1997, 1996)
• NCHGR-DOE Guidance on Human Subjects Issues in Large-Scale DNA Sequencing (1996)
• Special Anniversary Issue of Human Genome News (7(3-4); Sept.-Dec. 1995) Summarizing the History and Progress of the Project
• Evolution of a Vision (Part I) by David Smith, then Director of the DOE HGP (December 1995)
• Evolution of a Vision (Part II) by Francis S. Collins, Director of NIH NCHGR (December 1995)
• Origins of the Human Genome Project by Robert Cook-Deegan (1994; Risk Journal)
• History of the DOE Human Genome Program from the U.S. DOE Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Biological and Environmental Research Program. Updated from:
  • History of the Department of Energy Human Genome Program adapted from the U.S. DOE 1991-92 Human Genome Program Report (published June 1992)
• Data Sharing Policy: (1992) A U.S. Department of Energy and National Institutes of Health Coordinated Effort
• What is the Human Genome Project?: A Summary of the Project Beginnings (published April 1990)
• Mapping Our Genes: Genome Projects --How Big? How Fast? 1988 report from the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment
• Report on the Human Genome Initiative for the Office of Health and Environmental Research: April 1987 report that officially outlined the Department of Energy's strategies for the Human Genome Project
• "The Alta Summit, December 1984," by Robert Cook-Deegan, Genomics 5, 661-663 (October 1989): The beginning of the Human Genome Project.
• Human Genome News (HGN) newsletter on the Human Genome Project. All published issues (since 1989) are available. See also the archive of HGN History and Project Management articles.
• DOE HGP Reports and Workshop Abstracts report on program research.
• More publications

Human Genome Project Contacts The U.S. Department of Energy funded its Human Genome Program through their Office of Biological and Environmental Research. (genome@science.doe.gov). Genomics:GTL and the Microbial Genome Program are DOE's other genomics programs. The U.S. National Institutes of Health funded its program through the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). DOE and NIH Genome Research Centers are institutions where much of the U.S.-funded research was done. The Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) is an international organization of scientists involved in the world-wide Human Genome Project.

Ari Patrinos, Ph.D. Associate Director, Office of Science Director, Office of Biological and Environmental Research

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