The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) is a federal R&D program established to coordinate the multiagency efforts in nanoscale science, engineering, and technology.

Eighteen federal agencies participate in the Initiative, 10 of which have an R&D budget for nanotechnology. Other Federal organizations contribute with studies, applications of the results from those agencies performing R&D, and other collaborations. (See NNI Participants and NNI Structure and Strategies)

The NNI is managed within the framework of the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), whose members—appointed by the President— are leaders in industry, academia and government. The Nanoscale Science Engineering and Technology (NSET) Subcommittee of the NSTC coordinates planning, budgeting, program implementation and review to ensure a balanced and comprehensive initiative. The NSET Subcommittee is composed of representatives from agencies participating in the NNI.

In addition to funding research, federal support through the NNI provides crucial funds for the creation of university and government nanoscale R&D laboratories, and helps educate the workforce necessary for the future of nanotechnology. The NNI also plays a key role in fostering cross-disciplinary networks and partnerships, and disseminating information. Finally, it enables small businesses to pursue opportunities offered by nanotechnology, and encourages all levels of business to exploit those opportunities.

While it can be difficult to assess the achievements for long-term research, such as that in nanoscience, significant discoveries are being reported regularly from the federally funded programs. Recent achievements in nanotechnology funded in whole or in part by the National Nanotechnology Initiative:·