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NIDA Home > Publications > Research Reports    

Research Report Series - MDMA Abuse (Ecstasy)



Glossary


Addiction: A chronic, relapsing disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use.

Adulterant: A substance, either a biologically active material such as another drug or an inert material, added to a drug when it is formed into a tablet or capsule.

Cardiovascular system: The heart and blood vessels.

Dopamine: A neurotransmitter present in regions of the brain that regulate movement, emotion, motivation, and the feeling of pleasure.

Ecstasy: Common street name for MDMA.

Gastrointestinal system: The stomach and intestines.

Hyperthermia: A potentially dangerous rise in body temperature.

MDMA: Common chemical name for 3,4-methlyenedioxymethamphetamine.

Neurotransmitter: A chemical that acts as a messenger to carry signals or information from one nerve cell to another.

Norepinephrine: A neurotransmitter present in regions of the brain that affect heart rate and blood pressure.

Serotonin: A neurotransmitter used in widespread parts of the brain, which is involved in sleep, movement and emotions

Tolerance: A decrease in the effect of a drug that occurs with repeated administration.


References


Baggott M, Heifets B, Jones RT, Mendelson J, Sferios E, and Zehnder J. Chemical analysis of ecstasy pills. Journal of the American Medical Association 284: 2190 (2000).

Broening HW, Morford LL, Inman-Wood, SL, Fukumura M, and Vorhees CV. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy)-induced learning and memory impairments depend on the age of exposure during early development. The Journal of Neuroscience 21: 3228-3235 (2001).

Buchert R, Obrocki J, Thomasius R, Vaterlein O, Petersen K, Jenicke L, Bohuslavizki, and Clausen M. Long-term effects of 'ecstasy' abuse on the human brain studied by FDG PET. Nuclear Medicine Communications 22: 889-897.

Community Epidemiology Work Group. Epidemiologic Trends in Drug Abuse: Advance Report. Bethesda, MD. December 2002.

Cottler LB, Womack SB, Compton WM, and Ben-Abdallah A. Ecstasy abuse and dependence among adolescents and young adults: applicability and reliability of DSM-IV criteria. Human Psychopharmacology 16: 599-606 (2001).

Dafters RI and Lynch E. Persistent loss of thermoregulation in the rate induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or "Ecstasy") but not by fenfluramine. Psychopharmacology 138: 207-212 (1998).

Hatzidimitriou G, McCann UD, Ricaurte GA Altered serotonin innervation patterns in the forebrain of monkeys treated with MDMA seven years previously: Factors influencing abnormal recovery. Journal of Neuroscience 19: 5096-5107.

Kish SJ, Furukawa Y, Ang L, Vorce SP, and Kalasinsky KS. Striatal serotonin is depleted in brain of a human MDMA (Ecstasy) user. Neurology 55: 294- 296 (2000).

Lamers CTJ, Ramaekers JF, Muntjewerff ND, Sikkema KL, Samyn N, Read NL, Brookhuis KA, and Riedel SJ. Dissociable effects of a single dose of ecstasy (MDMA) on psychomotor skills and attentional performance. Journal of Psychopharmacology 17: 378-387.

Liechti ME and Vollenweider FX. Which neuroreceptors mediate the subjective effects of MDMA in humans? A summary of mechanistic studies. Human Psychopharmacology 16: 589-598 (2001).

Lyles J and Cadet JL. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) neurotoxicity: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Brain Research Reviews 42: 155-168.

Morgan MJ. Ecstasy (MDMA): a review of its possible persistent psychological effects. Psychopharmacology 152: 230-248 (2000).

Morgan MJ. Memory deficits associated with recreational use of "ecstasy" (MDMA). Psychopharmacology 141: 30-36 (1999).

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use 2003.

Obrocki J, Schmoldt A, Buchert R, Andresan B, Petersen K, and Thomasius R. Specific neurotoxicity of chronic use of ecstasy. Toxicology Letters 127: 285-297 (2002).

Parrott AC and Lasky J. Ecstasy (MDMA) effect upon mood and cognition: before, during and after a Saturday night dance. Psychopharmacology 139:261-268 (1998).

Parrott AC. Human psychopharmacology of Ecstasy (MDMA): a review of 15 years of empirical research. Human Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 16: 557-577 (2001).

Reneman L, Booij J, Schmand B, van den Brink W, and Gunning B. Memory disturbances in "Ecstasy" users are correlated with an altered brain serotonin neurotransmission. Psychopharmacology 148: 322-324 (2000).

Schenk S, Gittings D, Johnstone M, and Daniela E. Development, maintenance and temporal pattern of self-administration maintained by ecstasy (MDMA) in rats. Psychopharmacology 169: 21-27 (2003).

Sherlock K, Wolff K, Hay AW, and Conner M. Analysis of illicit ecstasy tablets. Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine. 16:194-197 (1999).

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Overview of findings from the 2002 national survey on drug use and health (Office of Applied Studies, NHSDA Series H-21 DHHS Publication No. SMA 03-3774). Rockville, MD.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Year-End 2000 Emergency Department Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network. Washington, DC. July 2001.

Verkes RJ, Gijsman HJ, Pieters MSM, Schoemaker RC, de Visser S, Kuijpers M, Pennings EJM, de Bruin D, Van de Wijngaart G, Van Gerven JMA, and Cohen AF. Cognitive performance and serotonergic function in users of ecstasy. Psychopharmacology 153: 196-202 (2001).


Index

Letter from the Director

What is MDMA?

A brief history of MDMA

What is the scope of MDMA abuse in the U.S.?

Who is abusing MDMA?

What are the effects of MDMA?

What does MDMA do to the brain?

Is MDMA addictive?

What do we know about preventing MDMA abuse?

Are there effective treatments for MDMA absue?

Where can I get further scientific information about Ecstasy?

Glossary and References

 


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