[1] NATO Information Series, "U.S. Information Paper on Depleted Uranium, AD HOC Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU)," Brussels, Belgium, January 23, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010123a.htm (as of July 26, 2001).
[2] NATO Information Series, "Data concerning the locations of depleted uranium ordnance expended during Operation Allied Force (grid co-ordinates)," Brussels, Belgium, January 24, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010124a.htm (as of September 13, 2001).
[3] Soldiers can also be exposed to DU when pieces of DU embed in their bodies or when DU dust particles settle in open wounds.
[4] NATO Information Series, "Data concerning the locations of depleted uranium ordnance expended during Operation Allied Force (grid co-ordinates)," Brussels, Belgium, January 24, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010124a.htm (as of September 13, 2001).
[5] United Nations Environment Programme, "Depleted Uranium in Kosovo - Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment," Geneva, Switzerland, March 13, 2001, p. 6-11, 24, 34-38, web site balkans.unep.ch/du/reports/uranium.pdf (as of October 24, 2001).
[6] World Health Organization, "Report of the World Health Organization Depleted Uranium Mission to Kosovo," Geneva, Switzerland, March 12, 2001, p. 26-33, web site www.who.it/docs/hia/DUrptMar01.pdf (as of September 13, 2001).
[7]World Health Organization, Department of Protection of the Human Environment, "Depleted Uranium: Sources, Exposure and Health Effects," Geneva, Switzerland, April 2001, p. 148, web site www.who.int/environmental_information/radiation/depluranium4.pdf (as of October 15, 2001).
[8] World Health Organization, Department of Protection of the Human Environment, "Depleted Uranium: Sources, Exposure and Health Effects," Geneva, Switzerland, April 2001, p. 146, web site www.who.int/environmental_information/radiation/depluranium4.pdf (as of October 15, 2001).
[9] NATO Information Series, "Depleted Uranium: Commission Receives Scientific Experts' Opinion," Brussels, Belgium, March 6, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010307b.htm (as of July 26, 2001).
[10] The Royal Society, "The Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium Munitions, Part 1," London, England, May 2001, p. vii, web site www.royalsoc.ac.uk/policy/du.pdf (as of October 15, 2001).
[11] NATO Information Series, "COMEDS Meeting on Health Concerns Related to the Balkan Deployments," Brussels, Belgium, January 15, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010115a.htm (as of July 26, 2001).
[12] North Atlantic Military Committee Letter, IMSM-164-01, "Medical Experts Meeting with Non-NATO Troop Contributing Nations (NNTCN) Concerning Possible Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium (DU)," March 5, 2001, p. 1.
[13] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 1-67.
[14] North Atlantic Military Committee Letter, IMSM-164-01, "Medical Experts Meeting with Non-NATO Troop Contributing Nations (NNTCN) Concerning Possible Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium (DU)," March 5, 2001; and North Atlantic Council Ad Hoc Committee On Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared In the AHCDU, April 3, 2001. (Preliminary conclusions are in language used by the respective countries, in most cases specific test parameters were not defined.)
[15] NATO Information Series, "Balkan Measures Taken by the Medical Service of the Belgian Army in Relation with Depleted Uranium and Other Substances," Brussels, Belgium, January 25, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010125b.htm (as of July 26, 2001).
[16] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 22.
[17] North Atlantic Military Committee Letter, IMSM-164-01, "Medical Experts Meeting with Non-NATO Troop Contributing Nations (NNTCN) Concerning Possible Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium (DU)," March 5, 2001, Enclosure 24.
[18] North Atlantic Military Committee Letter, IMSM-164-01, "Medical Experts Meeting with Non-NATO Troop Contributing Nations (NNTCN) Concerning Possible Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium (DU)," March 5, 2001, Enclosure 23.
[19] North Atlantic Military Committee Letter, IMSM-164-01, "Medical Experts Meeting with Non-NATO Troop Contributing Nations (NNTCN) Concerning Possible Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium (DU)," March 5, 2001, Enclosure 17.
[20] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 23.
[21] North Atlantic Military Committee Letter, IMSM-164-01, "Medical Experts Meeting with Non-NATO Troop Contributing Nations (NNTCN) Concerning Possible Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium (DU)," March 5, 2001, Enclosure 19.
[22] Roth, P., E. Werner, H.G. Paretzke, "A study of uranium excreted in urine; An assessment of protective measures taken by the German Army KFOR Contingent," GSF Report 3/01, GSF-National Research Center for Environment Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany, January 2001, p. 19, 32 web site www.nato.int/du/docu/ge010229a.pdf (as of October 24, 2001).
[23] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 25.
[24] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 26.
[25] The specific radiotoxicological testing parameters were not specified in the data provided to the AHCDU.
[26] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 27, 28.
[27] NATO Information, Depleted Uranium, "Preliminary Report, Investigative Commission Established by the Italian Ministry of Defence on the Incidence of Malignant Neoplasia Among Military Personnel Involved in Operations in Bosnia and in Kosovo," March 19, 2001, p. 6, 14, 15, 22, 23, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010417c.pdf (as of July 26, 2001).
[28] North Atlantic Military Committee Letter, IMSM-164-01, "Medical Experts Meeting with Non-NATO Troop Contributing Nations (NNTCN) Concerning Possible Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium (DU)," March 5, 2001, Enclosure 11.
[29] North Atlantic Military Committee Letter, IMSM-164-01, "Medical Experts Meeting with Non-NATO Troop Contributing Nations (NNTCN) Concerning Possible Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium (DU)," March 5, 2001, Enclosure 14.
[30] North Atlantic Military Committee Letter, IMSM-164-01, "Medical Experts Meeting with Non-NATO Troop Contributing Nations (NNTCN) Concerning Possible Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium (DU)," March 5, 2001, Enclosure 25.
[31] North Atlantic Military Committee Letter, IMSM-164-01, "Medical Experts Meeting with Non-NATO Troop Contributing Nations (NNTCN) Concerning Possible Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium (DU)," March 5, 2001, Enclosure 16, p. 2, 9.
[32] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarizing Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 30.
[33] North Atlantic Military Committee Letter, IMSM-164-01, "Medical Experts Meeting with Non-NATO Troop Contributing Nations (NNTCN) Concerning Possible Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium (DU)," March 5, 2001, Enclosure 20.
[34] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 31.
[35] North Atlantic Military Committee Letter, IMSM-164-01, "Medical Experts Meeting with Non-NATO Troop Contributing Nations (NNTCN) Concerning Possible Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium (DU)," March 5, 2001, Enclosure 18.
[36] North Atlantic Military Committee Letter, IMSM-164-01, "Medical Experts Meeting with Non-NATO Troop Contributing Nations (NNTCN) Concerning Possible Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium (DU)," March 5, 2001, Enclosure 15.
[37] North Atlantic Military Committee Letter, IMSM-164-01, "Medical Experts Meeting with Non-NATO Troop Contributing Nations (NNTCN) Concerning Possible Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium (DU)," March 5, 2001, Enclosure 10.
[38] NATO Information Series, "Speaking Notes: of the Swedish Representative at the Meeting of the AD HOC Committee on Depeleted (sic) Uranium (AHCDU)," Brussels, Belgium, January 30, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/s010130a.htm (as of October 15, 2001).
[39] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 35, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010404a.pdf (as of October 24, 2001).
[40] United Kingdom Ministry of Defence, "Introduction of a Voluntary Screening Programme Following Health Concerns in Respect of Depleted Uranium - A summary of responses received by MOD resulting from the MOD Consultation Document An invitation to professional and official bodies to comment on technical issues," London, UK, April 11, 2001, p.1, web site www.mod.uk/data/%5b(1217)-11-04-2001%5ddu_responses.pdf (as of October 15, 2001); and, "The Second Consultative Document on the Introduction of a Voluntary Screening Programme for Depleted Uranium, An invitation to comment on MOD proposal," London, UK, April 11, 2001, p. 1, web site www.mod.uk/data/%5b(1223)-11-04-2001%5ddu_consultation2.pdf (as of October 15, 2001).
[41] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 36.
[42] Priest, N. and M. Thirlwell, "Depleted Uranium in Balkans Residents," prepared for British Broadcast Corporation Scotland, April 9, 2001, p. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7.
[43] NATO Information Series, "WHO Expert Team Winds Up Kosovo Visit on DU," Brussels, Belgium, February 1, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010207b.htm (as of July 26, 2001)
[44] NATO Information Series, "KFOR and SFOR Co-operation with Local and Other Agencies," Brussels Belgium, February 7, 2001, web sitewww.nato.int/du/docu/d010207c.htm (as of July 26, 2001).
[45] NATO Information Series, Dr. Michael H. Repacholi, World Health Organization, "Background Material on Depleted Uranium (DU)," Brussels, Belgium, January 8, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010108e.htm (as of July 26, 2001).
[46] The Royal Society, "The Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium Munitions, Part 1" London, England, May 22, 2001, p. vii-viii, web site www.royalsoc.ac.uk/policy/du.pdf (as of October 15, 2001).
[47] Memorandum from Program Manager Health Physics, U.S. Army Center for Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Subject; "Review of OSAGWI/MR/MD Draft Information Paper, Depleted Uranium Environmental and Medical Surveillance in the Balkans," July 27, 2001, Enclosure 2, p. 3-4.
[48] NATO Information Series, "Radiological Control During the Kosovo Conflict up to January 2001," Brussels, Belgium, February 28, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010306a.htm (as of July 26, 2001).
[49] NATO Information Series, "Balkan Measures taken by the Medical Service of the Belgian army in relation with depleted uranium and other substances," Brussels Belgium, January 25, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010125b.htm (as of July 26, 2001).
[50] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 11, 43.
[51] NATO Information Series, "Actions Taken by Switzerland Concerning Depleted Uranium," Brussels Belgium, January 25, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010125a.htm (as of July 26, 2001).
[52] NATO Information Series, "Health Aspects of the Balkans-DU Crisis: The Italian Experience," Brussels, Belgium, February 1, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010201a.htm (as of July 26, 2001); and North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 14.
[53] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 52.
[54] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 4.
[55] Memorandum from Chief, Radiation Protection Division, Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, to Preventive Medicine Officer, Task Force Med Falcon, Subject: "Project Silver Falcon Scoping Survey for Depleted Uranium U.S. Sector, Kosovo, Project 27-6D-4405-00, 11-16 Mar 00," p. 2.
[56] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 5, 6.
[57] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 11, 43.
[58] NATO Information Series, "Health Aspects of the Balkans-DU Crisis: The Italian Experience," Brussels, Belgium, February 1, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010201a.htm (as of July 26, 2001); and North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 14.
[59] NATO Information Series, "Health Aspects of the Balkans-DU Crisis: The Italian Experience," Brussels, Belgium, February 1, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010201a.htm (as of July 26, 2001); and North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 14.
[60] United Nations Environment Programme, "Depleted Uranium in Kosovo - Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment," Geneva, Switzerland, March 13, 2001, p. 24, web site balkans.unep.ch/du/reports/uranium.pdf (as of October 24, 2001).
[61] NATO Information Series, "Health Aspects of the Balkans-DU Crisis: The Italian Experience," Brussels, Belgium, February 1, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010201a.htm (as of July 26, 2001); and North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 14.
[62] NATO Information Series, "Health Aspects of the Balkans-DU Crisis: The Italian Experience," Brussels, Belgium, February 1, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010201a.htm (as of July 26, 2001); and North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 14.
[63] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 3, 38.
[64] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 17, 49.
[65] Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety Department, Portuguese Nuclear and Technological Institute, "Report of the Portuguese Scientific Mission to Kosovo and to Bosnia-Herzegovina for assessment of radioactive contamination and of the radiological risk due to the use of depleted uranium ammunitions," April 17, 2001, p. 4-16, web site itn1.itn.pt/Dprsn/Kosovo_rf180401/rel_final_ing170501.pdf (as of October 15, 2001).
[66] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 12, 44.
[67] Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety Department, Portuguese Nuclear and Technological Institute, "Report of the Portuguese Scientific Mission to Kosovo and to Bosnia-Herzegovina for assessment of radioactive contamination and of the radiological risk due to the use of depleted uranium ammunitions," April 17, 2001, p. 4-16, web site itn1.itn.pt/Dprsn/Kosovo_rf180401/rel_final_ing170501.pdf (as of October 15, 2001).
[68] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 13, 45.
[69] "SFOR takes the scientific approach to DU ammunition," SFOR Informer, edition 105, January 24, 2001, web site www.nato.int/sfor/indexinf/105/s105p03a/t0101243a.htm (as of July 26, 2001).
[70] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 6-10.
[71] United Kingdom Ministry of Defence, "Report of a Reconnaissance Visit to Develop an Enhanced Environmental Monitoring Programme in the British-led Sector in Kosovo," London, England, June 2001, p. 6, 11, web site www.mod.uk/data/eemp.pdf (as of October 15, 2001); and Smith, D.M., "Environmental Surveillance in Kosovo," DRPS Report No. 6/2001, Alverstoke, Hants, UK, May 2001, web site www.mod.uk/data/[(0639)-01-06-2001]DU%20protocols%20consultation.pdf (as of August 20, 2001).
[72] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 12, 44.
[73] NATO Information Series, "Radiological Control During the Kosovo Conflict up to January 2001," Brussels, Belgium, February 28, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010306a.htm (as of July 26, 2001).
[74] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 5.
[75] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 40.
[76] North Atlantic Council, AHCDU-N(2001)38: "Ad Hoc Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU) Tables Summarising Information Shared in the AHCDU," Brussels, Belgium, April 3, 2001, p. 11, 43.
[77] NATO Information Series, "WHO Expert Team Winds Up Kosovo Visit on DU," Brussels, Belgium, February 1, 2001, web site www.nato.int/du/docu/d010207b.htm (as of July 26, 2001)
[78] World Health Organization, Department of Protection of the Human Environment, "Depleted Uranium: Sources, Exposure and Health Effects," Geneva, Switzerland, April 2001, web site www.who.int/environmental_information/radiation/depleted_uranium.htm (as of October 15, 2001).
[79] United Nations Environment Programme, "Depleted Uranium in Kosovo - Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment," Geneva, Switzerland, March 13, 2001, p. 34-38, web site balkans.unep.ch/du/reports/uranium.pdf (as of October 24, 2001).
[80] UNEP/UNCHS Balkans Task Force (BTF), "The potential effects on human health and the environment arising from the possible use of depleted uranium during the 1999 Kosovo conflict - A preliminary assessment," Geneva, Switzerland, October 1999, p. 5, web site balkans.unep.ch/_files/du_final_report.pdf (as of October 15, 2001).
[81] Swedish Radiation Protection Institute, "Use of Depleted Uranium in Military Conflicts and Possible Impact on Health and Environment," SSI News – dec 2000/Last issue, web site www.ssi.se/english/index.htm (as of September 18,2001).
[82] World Health Organization, "Report of the World Health Organization Depleted Uranium Mission to Kosovo," Geneva, Switzerland, March 12, 2001, web site www.who.it/docs/hia/DUrptMar01.pdf (as of September 13, 2001).
[83] World Health Organization, Department of Protection of the Human Environment, "Depleted Uranium: Sources, Exposure and Health Effects," Geneva, Switzerland, April 2001, p. 59, 60 web site www.who.int/environmental_information/radiation/depluranium3.pdf and p. 125, 132, 147, 148 web site www.who.int/environmental_information/radiation/depluranium4.pdf (as of October 15, 2001).
[84] Directorate-General, Environment, European Commission, "The Opinion of the Group of Experts Established According to Article 31 of the Euratom Treaty; Depleted Uranium," March 6, 2001, p. 8-12, web site europa.eu.int/comm/environment/radprot/opinion.pdf (as of July 26, 2001).
[85] Realistic scenario of exposure means a set of assumptions based on real behavior of man (e.g. breathing and drinking patterns).
[86] The Royal Society, "The Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium Munitions, Part 1," London, England, May 22, 2001, p. vii-vii, 23-24. web site www.royalsoc.ac.uk/policy/du.pdf (as of October 15, 2001).
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