Scientific Literature

Review Articles:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for Lyme Disease—United States, 1992–1998. MMWR 2000;49(SS03):1-11.
(Also available in PDF format [1.21 MB, 36 pages].)

Nadelman RB and Wormser GP. Lyme borreliosis. Lancet 1998;352:557-565.

Steere AC. Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 1989;321:586-596.

Steere AC, Malawista SE, Syndman DR, et al. Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three Connecticut communities. Arthritis Rheum 1977;20:7-17.

Return to top of page

Epidemiology:

Barbour AG. Does Lyme disease occur in the South: a survey of emerging tick-borne infections in the region. Am J Med Sci 1996;311:34-40.

NEW! Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Notice to Readers: Final 2002 Reports of Notifiable Diseases. MMWR. 8 August 2003; 5(31):741-750.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lyme Disease - United States, 2000. MMWR January 18, 2002; 51(02);29-31.
(Also available in PDF format [973 KB, 24 pages].)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lyme Disease - United States, 1999. MMWR Mar 16, 2001; 50(10);181-5.
(Also available in PDF format [1,503 KB, 20 pages].)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lyme Disease—United States, 1996. MMWR June 13, 1997;46(23):531-535.
(Also available in PDF format [350 KB, 32 pages].)

Dennis DT. Epidemiology, ecology, and prevention of Lyme disease. in Rahn DW, Evans J eds. Lyme disease. Philadelphia, PA: American College of Physicians, 1998;7-34.

Dennis DT, Nekomoto TS, Victor JC, Paul WS, and Piesman J. Reported distribution of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States. J Med Entomol 1998;35(5):629-638.

Kitron U, Kazmierczak. Spatial analysis of the distribution of Lyme disease in Wisconsin. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:558-566.

Lane RS, Manweiler SA, Stubbs HA, et al. Risk factors for Lyme disease in a small rural community in northern California. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:1358-1368.

Lane RS, Piesman J, Burgdorfer W. Lyme borreliosis: relation of its causative agent to its vectors and hosts in North America and Europe. Annu Rev Entomol 1991;36:587-609.

Maupin GO, Fish D, Zultowsky J, et al. Landscape ecology of Lyme disease in a residential area of Westchester, New York. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:1105-1113.

Meek JI, Roberts CL, Smith EV, and Cartter ML. Underreporting of Lyme disease by Connecticut physicians, 1992. J Public Health Management Practice 1996;2(4):61-65.

Shadick NA, Phillips CB, Logigian EL, et al. The long-term clinical outcomes of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:560-567.

Stafford KC, Magnarelli LA. Spatial and temporal patterns of Ixodes scapularis (Acari:Ixodidae) in southeastern Connecticut. J Med Entomol 1993;30:762-771.

Wilson ML. Distribution and abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari:Ixodidae) in North America: ecological processes and spatial analysis. J Med Entomol 1998;35:446-457.

Wilson ML, Adler GH, Spielman A. Correlation between abundance of deer and that of the deer tick, Ixodes dammini (Acari:Ixodidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 1985;78:172-176.

Return to top of page

Clinical Description:

Bujak DI, Weinstein A, Dornbush RL. Clinical and neurocognitive features of the post Lyme syndrome. J Rheumatol 1996;23:1392-1397.

Gaudino EA, Coyle PK, Krupp LB. Post-Lyme syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuropsychiatric similarities and differences. Arch Neurol 1997;54:1372-1376.

Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Steere AC. Chronic neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1438-1444.

Rahn DW. Natural history of Lyme disease. In: Rahn DW, Evans J, eds. Lyme disease, Philadelphia: American College of Physicians, 1998;35-48.

Shadick NA, Phillips CB, Logigian EL, et al. The long-term clinical outcomes of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:560-567.

Steere AC, Levin RE, Molloy PJ et al. Treatment of Lyme arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:878-888.

Return to top of page

Diagnosis:

Berger BW, Johnson RC, Kodner C, Coleman L. Cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi from erythema migrans lesions and perilesional skin. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:359-361.

Brettschneider S, Bruckbauser H, Klugbauer K, Hofmann H. Diagnostic value of PCR for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in skin biopsy and urine samples from patients with skin borreliosis. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:2658-2665.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for Test Performance and Interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease. MMWR Aug 11, 1995;44:590-591.
(Also available in PDF format [214 KB, 16 pages].

Dressler F, Whelan JA, Reinhart BN, Steere AC. Western blotting in the serodiagnosis of Lyme disease. J Infect Dis 1993;167:392-400.

Johnson, BJ, Robbins KE, Bailey RE, et al. Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease: accuracy of a two-step approach using a flagella-based ELISA and immunoblotting. J Infect Dis 1996;174:346-353.

Nocton JJ, Dressler F, Rutledge BJ, et al. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi by polymerase chain reaction in synovial fluid from patients with Lyme arthritis. N Engl J Med 1994;44:1203-1207.

Nowakowski J, Schwartz I, Nadelman RB, et al. Culture-confirmed infection and reinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:130-132.

Tugwell P, Dennis DT, Weinstein A, et al. Clinical guideline 2: laboratory evaluation in the diagnosis of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127:1109-1123.

Return to top of page

Treatment:

Dotevall L, Hagberg L. Successful Oral Doxycycline Treatment of Lyme Disease--Associated Facial Palsy and Meningitis. Clin Infectious Dis 1999;28:569-574.

Gerber MA, Shapiro ED, Burke GS, et al. Lyme disease in children in southeastern Connecticut. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1270-1274.

Kalish RA, Leong JM, Steere AC. Association of treatment-resistant chronic Lyme arthritis with HLA-DR4 and antibody reactivity to OspA and OspB of Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect Immun 1993;61:2774-2779.

Klempner MS, Hu LT, Evans J, Schmid CH, Johnson GM, Trevino RP, Norton D, Levy L, Wall D, McCall J, Kosinski M, Weinstein A. Two Controlled Trials of Antibiotic Treatment in Patients with Persistent Symptoms and a History of Lyme Disease. NEJM, 2001;345:85-92.

Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, and Steere AC. Chronic neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1438-1444.

Sigal LH. Persisting complaints attributed to chronic Lyme disease: possible mechanisms and implications for management. Am J Med 1994;96:365-374.

Steere AC, Levin RE, Molloy PJ, et al. Treatment of Lyme arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:878-888.

Return to top of page

Prevention and Control:

Brown M, Hebert AA. Insect repellents: an overview. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:243-249.

Curran KL, Fish D, Piesman J. Reduction of nymphal Ixodes dammini (Acari:Ixodidae) in a residential suburban landscape by area application of insecticides. J Med Entomol. 1993;30:107-113.

Dennis DT, Meltzer MI. Antibiotic prophylaxis after tick bites. Lancet 1997;350:1191-1192.

Hayes EB, Maupin GO, Mount GA, Piesman J. Assessing the effectiveness of local Lyme disease control. Journal of Public Health Management. Journal of Public Health Management Practices 1999;5:86-94.

Herrington JE, Campbell GL, Bailey RE, et al. Predisposing factors for individuals' Lyme disease prevention practices: Connecticut, Maine, and Montana. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:2035-2038.

Magid D, Schwartz B, Craft J, Schwartz JS. Prevention of Lyme disease after tick bites: a cost-effectiveness analysis. N Engl J Med 1992;327:534-541.

Nadelman RB, Nowakowski J, Fish D, Falco RC, Freeman K, McKenna D, Welch P, Marcus R, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Dennis DT, Wormser GP. Prophylaxis with Single-Dose Doxycycline for the Prevention of Lyme Disease after an Ixodes scapularis Tick Bite. NEJM, 2001 345:79-84.

Piesman J, Mather TN, Sinsky RJ, Spielman A. Duration of tick attachment and Borrelia burgdorferi transmission. J Clin Microbiol 1987;25:557-558.

Schulze TL, Jordan RA, Hung RW. Suppression of subadult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) following removal of leaf litter. J Med Entomol 1995;32:730-733.

Schulze TL, Jordan RA, Vasvary LM, et al. Suppression of Ixodes scapularis (Acari:Ixodidae) nymphs in a large residential community. J Med Entomol 1994;31:206-211.

Return to top of page

Vaccine:

Akin E, McHugh GL, Flavell RA, et al. The immunoglobulin (IgG) antibody response to OspA and OspB correlates with severe and prolonged Lyme arthritis and the IgG response to p35 correlates with mild and brief arthritis. Infect Immun 1999;173-181.

Alpert B, Esin J, Sivak SL, et al. Incidence and prevalence of Lyme disease in a suburban Westchester County community. New York State Journal of Medicine 1992;92:5-8.

DeSilva AM, Telford SR, Brunet LR, et al. Borrelia burgdorferi OspA is an arthropod-specific transmission-blocking Lyme disease vaccine. J Exp Med 1996;183:271-275.

Gross DM, Forsthuber T, Tary-Lehmann M, et al. Identification of LFA-1 as a candidate autoantigen in treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis. Science 1998;281:703-706.

Hanrahan JP, Benach JL, Coleman JL, et al. Incidence and cumulative frequency of Lyme disease in a community. J Infect Dis 1984;150:489-496.

Lastavica CC, Wilson M, Berardi VP, et al. Rapid emergence of a focal epidemic of Lyme disease in coastal Massachusetts. N Engl J Med 1989;320:133-137.

Maes E, Lecomte P, Ray N. A cost-of-illness study of Lyme disease in the United States. Clin Ther 1998;20:993-1008.

Meltzer MI, Dennis DT, Orloski KA. 1999 Cost-effectiveness of a vaccine against Lyme disease in humans. Emerging Infect Dis 1999;5:1-8.

Schoen RT, Meurice F, Brunet CM, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an outer surface protein A vaccine in subjects with previous Lyme disease. J Infect Dis 1995;172:1324-1329.

Schwan TG, Piesman J, Golde WT, et al. Induction of an outer surface protein on Borrelia burgdorferi during tick feeding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:2909-2913.

Sigal HL, Zahradnik JM, Levin P, et al. A vaccine consisting of recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface protein A to prevent Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 1998;339:216-222.

Steere AC, Sikand VK, Meurice F, et al. Vaccination against Lyme disease with recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface lipoprotein A with adjuvant. N Engl J Med 1998;339:209-216.

Steere AC, Taylor E, Wilson ML, et al. Longitudinal assessment of the clinical and epidemiologic features of Lyme disease in a defined population. J Infect Dis 1986;154:295-300.

Zhang YQ, Mathiesen D, Kolbert CP, et al. Borrelia burgdorferi enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for discrimination of OspA vaccination from spirochete infection. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:233-238.

Return to top of page

Books:

Barbour AG. Lyme Disease: The Cause, the Cure, the Controversy. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

Benenson AS. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual (16th Edition). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 1995.

Rahn DW and Evans J (eds.). Lyme disease. Philadelphia, PA: American College of Physicians, 1998.

Return to top of page

	Some documents are available here in Adobe Acrobat Reader format (PDF). To view or print them, you must have Adobe Acrobat Reader (version 3.0 or higher) installed on your computer. If you do not have the reader, you can obtain it free from Adobe Corporation. Click on the icon below to download the program from their Web site.

| CDC Home | Search | Health Topics A-Z |

This page last reviewed November 14, 2003

| Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases |
| National Center for Infectious Diseases |
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
P.O. Box 2087
Fort Collins, Colorado 80522

| CDC Privacy Policy | Accessibility |