Questions and Answers About TB
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Introduction
What is TB?
How is TB spread?
What is latent TB infection?
What is TB disease?
What is TB?
TB, or tuberculosis, is a disease caused by bacteria called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The bacteria can attack any part of your body, but they usually
attack the lungs. TB
disease was once the leading cause of death in the United States.
In the 1940s, scientists discovered
the first of several drugs now used to treat TB.
As a result, TB slowly began to disappear in the United States.
But TB has come back. Between 1985 and 1992, the number
of TB cases increased. The country became complacent about TB and
funding of TB programs was decreased.
However, with increased funding and attention to the TB problem,
we have had a steady decline in the number of persons with TB.
But TB is still a problem; more than 16,000 cases were reported
in 2000 in the United States.
TB is spread through the air from one person
to another. The bacteria
are put into the air when a person with TB disease of the lungs
or throat coughs or sneezes.
People nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected.
People who are infected with latent
TB do not feel sick, do not have any symptoms, and cannot
spread TB. But they may develop TB
disease at some time in the future.
People with TB disease can be treated and cured if they seek
medical help. Even
better, people who have latent TB infection but are not yet sick
can take medicine so that they will never develop TB disease.
This
document answers common questions about TB.
Please ask your doctor or nurse if you have other questions
about latent TB infection or TB disease.
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How is TB spread?
TB is spread through the air from one person to another.
The bacteria are put into the air when a person with TB disease
of the lungs or throat coughs or sneezes.
People nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected.
When a person breathes in TB bacteria, the bacteria can settle
in the lungs and begin to grow.
From there, they can move through the blood to other parts
of the body, such as the kidney, spine, and brain.
TB in the lungs or throat can be infectious.
This means that the bacteria can be spread to other people.
TB in other parts of the body, such as the kidney or spine,
is usually not infectious.
People with TB disease are most likely to spread it to people they
spend time with every day.
This includes family members, friends, and coworkers.
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What is latent TB infection?
In most people who breathe in TB bacteria and become infected,
the body is able to fight the bacteria to stop them from growing.
The bacteria become inactive, but they remain alive in the
body and can become active later.
This is called latent TB infection.
People with latent TB infection
- have no symptoms
- don't feel sick
- can't spread TB to others
- usually have a positive skin test reaction
- can develop TB disease later in life if they do not receive
treatment for latent TB infection
Many people who have latent TB infection never develop TB disease.
In these people, the TB bacteria remain inactive for a lifetime
without causing disease. But in other people, especially people who have weak immune
systems, the bacteria become active and cause TB disease.
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What is TB disease?
TB bacteria become active if the immune system can't stop
them from growing. The
active bacteria begin to multiply in the body and cause TB disease.
Some people develop TB disease soon after becoming infected,
before their immune system can fight the TB bacteria.
Other people may get sick later, when their immune system
becomes weak for some reason.
Babies and young children often have weak immune systems. People infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, have
very weak immune systems. Other
people can have weak immune systems, too, especially people with any
of these conditions
- substance abuse
- diabetes mellitus
- silicosis
- cancer of the head or neck
- leukemia or Hodgkin's disease
- severe kidney disease
- low body weight
- certain medical treatments (such as corticosteroid treatment
or organ transplants)
Symptoms of TB depend on where in the body the TB bacteria are growing.
TB bacteria usually grow in the lungs.
TB in the lungs may cause
- a bad cough that lasts longer than 2 weeks
- pain in the chest
- coughing up blood or sputum (phlegm from deep inside the lungs)
Other symptoms of TB disease are
- weakness or fatigue
- weight loss
- no appetite
- chills
- fever
- sweating at night
| Difference Between Latent TB Infection
and TB Disease |
| Latent TB Infection |
TB Disease |
- Have no symptoms
- Do not feel sick
- Cannot spread TB to others
- Usually have a positive skin test
- Chest x-ray and sputum test normal
|
- Symptoms include
- a bad cough that lasts longer than 2 weeks
- pain in the chest
- coughing up blood or sputum
- weakness or fatigue
- weight loss
- no appetite
- chills
- fever
- sweating at night
- May spread TB to others
- Usually have a positive skin test
- May have abnormal chest x-ray, and/or positive sputum
smear or culture
|
|
