Contaminated Sediment

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Glossary

This glossary includes terms used in this document and others frequently used in discussions of contaminated sediments.

Aquatic -- living or growing in or on the water.

Benthic Environment -- the environment at the bottom of lakes, rivers, estuaries, or oceans.

Bioaccumulation -- the process in which a substance is taken up by an aquatic organism through any route, including respiration, ingestion, or direct contact with water or sediment.

Bioavailability -- the ability of a substance to affect organisms.

Biodegrade -- to decompose a substance by living organisms.

Biodiversity -- the presence of many species of organisms, plant and animal.

Biomagnification -- the increased accumulation and concentration of a contaminant at higher levels of the food chain; organisms higher on the food chain will have larger amounts of contaminants than those lower on the food chain, because the contaminants are not eliminated or broken down into other chemicals within the organisms.

Bulk Organics -- a class of hydrocarbon compounds including oil and grease.

Contaminated Sediment -- soil, sand, organic matter, or minerals that accumulate on the bottom of a water body and contain toxic or hazardous materials at concentrations that may adversely affect human health or the environment.

Dredging -- removal of material from the bottom of a water body by excavation or similar removal activity.

Ecological -- relating to the interrelationships of organisms and their environment.

Endangered -- referring to an endangered species; any species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range/habitat.

Geologic -- referring to the history and structure of the solid portion (rocks, soils, and minerals) of the earth.

Halogenated Hydrocarbons/Persistent Organics -- a group of chemicals that are very resistant to decay. The banned pesticide DDT and PCBs fall into this category.

Metalloids -- metalloids are nonmetallic elements, such as arsenic and selenium, with some of the chemical properties of metals.

Metals -- metals include elements with a metallic luster and are found on and beneath the earth's surface, such as iron, manganese, lead, cadmium, zinc, nickel, gold and mercury.

Nonpoint Source Pollution -- pollution sources that are diffuse, without a single identifiable point of origin, including runoff from agriculture, forestry, and construction sites.

Nutrients -- substances such as nitrogen and phosphorus compounds necessary for growth and survival. Elevated levels can cause unwanted growth of algae, and can result in the lowering of the amount of oxygen in the water when the algae die and decay.

Point Source Pollution -- point source pollution refers to the pollution that comes from a specific, identifiable source, such as a pipe or channel.

Pollutant -- a chemical or biological substance in a form that can be incorporated into, onto, or be ingested by aquatic organisms, consumers of aquatic organisms, or users of the aquatic environment.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) -- a group of organic chemicals that includes several petroleum products and their derivatives.

Sediment -- loose particles of sand, clay, silt, and other substances that settle at the bottom of a body of water. Sediment can come from the erosion of soil or from the decomposition of plants and animals. Wind, water, and ice often carry these particles great distances.

Toxic Substance -- a substance that can cause short-term or long-term damage to biological tissue following contact or absorption. Routes of exposure of the substance include ingestion, inhalation, or assimilation into any organism, either directly from the environment or indirectly by ingestion through food chains.

Water Column -- A hypothetical "cylinder" of water from the surface of a water body to the bottom and within which physical and chemical properties can be measured.