What are the Sources of Contaminants?
How Much Contamination are we Talking About?
How do These Contaminants Affect Fish and Wildlife?
What is the difference between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Environmental Contaminants Program activities and the EPA's activities?

What are the Sources of Contaminants?

Contaminants enter the environment in many different ways; disposal of municipal wastes, factory discharges, and oil or chemical spills are a few examples. These examples are considered forms of "point source" (or "end of the pipe") pollution because their origin is easily recognized.

In many cases, the origin of pollution may not be as clear. For example, agricultural pesticides can be carried by runoff, or enter an aquifer, and end up contaminating a stream dozens of miles away. Pollutants can also be carried for long distances through the air and deposited on land and in water by rain. Such examples are called "non-point source" pollution. Pollution from non-point sources can contaminate areas that may appear to be relatively untouched. For example, 41 of our nation's Fish and Wildlife Service management units (national wildlife refuges, waterfowl production areas, etc.) have advisories against consumption of fish, shellfish, or other wildlife, and a number of our national wildlife refuges have either known or suspected contaminant problems.

We are still learning what happens to contaminants once they enter the environment and the effects they have not only on fish, wildlife, and their habitat, but also on human health. It is often years, if not decades, before we may become aware that a chemical is having a harmful effect on our natural resources and, even if its use is banned, it may continue to persist in the environment for a very long time.

• In 2000, facilities reported releasing close to 6.16 billion pounds of toxic chemicals into the air, land, water and underground. 2001Toxics Release Inventory: Public Data Release Report Executive Summary http://www.epa.gov/triinter/tridata/tri01/press/executivesummarystandalone.pdf [pdf file].
• During 2001, 34,360 chemical and oil spills were reported. National Response Center: Incidents by type Per Year. US Dept. of Transportation, US Coast Guard, Washington, D.C. http://www.nrc.uscg.mil/incident.htm
• As of March 15, 2004 there were 1240 Superfund sites. EPA Superfund: National Priorities List (NPL) Sites http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/query/queryhtm/nplfin1.htm
• There are an estimated 450,000 contaminated commercial and industrial sites across the country. The Facts Speak for Themselves: A Fundamentally Different Superfund Program. U.S. EPA. November 1996. http://www.epa.gov/superfund/whatissf/sf_fact4.pdf [pdf file]
• In 1999, the most current year available, pesticide use was estimated to be 4.997 billion pounds. Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage: 1998 and 1999 Market Estimates. U.S. EPA, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. August 1997. http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/99pestsales/usage1999.html#3_3 [pdf file]
• In 2002, 48 states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S Territory of American Somoa, had fish consumption advisories; of those, 28 were STATEWIDE fish consumption advisories for certain types of waterbodies (e.g., lakes, rivers, and/or coastal waters). EPA Fact Sheet. Update: National Listing of Fish and Wildlife Advisories. U.S. EPA, Office of Water. May 2003. http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/fish/advisories/factsheet.pdf [pdf file]
• 100% of the Great Lakes waters and their connecting waters and 71% of the Nation's coastal waters are also under fish consumption advisories. EPA Fact Sheet. Update: National Listing of Fish and Wildlife Advisories. U.S. EPA, Office of Water. May 2003. http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/fish/advisories/factsheet.pdf [pdf file] (Note: the Great Lakes contain 1/5 of the World's fresh surface water. The Quality of Our Nations Waters: 1998: A Summary of National Water Quality Inventory: 1998 Report to Congress. http://www.epa.gov/305b/98report/98brochure.pdf [pdf file])

• Each year hundreds of fish kills are reported
• Approximately 67 million birds die each year from pesticide poisoning. Deinlein, Mary. When it Comes to Pesticides, Birds are Sitting Ducks. Fact Sheet. Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center.
• In 1995, 20,000 Swainson's hawks (5% of the world's population) were killed from pesticide poisoning in the agricultural pampas region of Argentina.
• Effects on fish and wildlife that have been noted with some chemicals currently registered for use in the United States include: death due to acute poisoning, reproductive, developmental, and behavioral problems; immune system dysfunction; and premature death.

What is the difference between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Environmental Contaminants Program activities and the EPA's activities?

Maintaining a healthy environment is an immense responsibility. As the world's human population grows and contaminants accumulate in the environment, the responsibility looms even larger. In fact, it often takes both the EPA and the Service to detect the problems and begin to solve them. The responsibilities of these two agencies are often complementary; providing for the protection of both human health and safety and fish and wildlife resources. Here's how the agencies differ:

EPA:

• The EPA's emphasis is on human health and safety; Any benefits to fish and wildlife are indirect.
• The EPA often does not address off-site contamination of natural resources, such as wetland sediments.

FWS:

• The Service focuses on the protection of fish, wildlife, and their habitats.
• The FWS is concerned with both on and off-site contaminant impacts.
• FWS contaminants specialists provide technical support to the EPA on natural resource issues.

Updated: March 15, 2004