Nine grants are described below.

• National Animal Syndromic Surveillance for Bioterrorism , Lawrence T. Glickman, D.V.M., V.M.D., Dr.P.H, Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette , Indiana . This project will use a nation wide animal health database and commercially available software to provide surveillance of syndromes to alert public health officials to naturally occurring or man-made environmental hazards.
   
• Nanophotonics for Select Agent Detection , by Ashutosh Chilkoti, Ph.D., Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. This study will develop a sensor that measures biomolecular interactions in real-time for detection of Category A pathogens.
   
• Molecular Basis of Flavivirus Neurovirulence , by Thomas, Chambers, M.D., St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. This investigation will advance understanding of the molecular determinants of flaviviruses (including mosquito- and tick-transmitted viruses) virulence in humans leading to development of vaccines for these diseases.
   
• Regulation of the Innate Immune Response to Bacillus Anthracis , by Gary Bokoch, Ph.D., Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California. This project will investigate in molecular detail how Bacillus Anthracis toxins interact with human host defense mechanisms.
   
• CD8T Cell Response to Vaccinia following lymphopenia , by Stephen C. Jameson, Ph.D., University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis . This proposal studies the nature of anti-viral T cell responses against the pox virus vaccinia and will further understanding of vaccination efficacy in immunodeficient individuals.
   
• Response to Viral Infection in Immunodeficient Mice , Leslie J. Berg, Ph.D., University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester, Massachusetts. This investigation will study T cell signaling pathways to better understand protective immunity to viral infection, including vaccinia virus.
   
• Developing a Bioterrorism Syndromic Surveillance System , Trish M. Perl, M.D., Johns Hopkins University Department of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland . This project will develop and validate a computerized patient record system-based prediction rule using electronically available laboratory data to track disease syndromes consistent with the characteristics of a bioterrorism event.
   
• Discovery and Development of Biodefense Antimicrobials , Christopher J. Collins, Ph.D., SRI International, Menlo Park , California . This investigation will develop new preclinical drug candidates for the treatment of infections caused by Category A bacteria, including anthrax.
   
• Automated Simultaneous Detection of Bioterrorism Agents , David J. Ecker, Ph.D., IBIS Therapeutics, Carlsbad , California . This study will complete the development, engineering, and validation of the infectious disease diagnostic platform that was created to detect a broad range of biological weapons agents in samples collected from the environment and will deploy a working version at CDC.

In addition to these research grants, CDC and NIH are co-funding five training grants for scientists from developing countries to more effectively engage such countries in infectious disease research. The training grants will be awarded to U.S. academic institutions that provide training for scientists in Kenya , Mexico , Brazil , Malawi and Peru .

Five Training grants are described below

• Infectious Diseases Training Program in Peru , Robert Gillman MD., John’s Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland . This grant would allow for our training network to further expand, building upon its internationally recognized strengths whilst increasing accessibility for candidates from disadvantaged regions and introducing a curriculum of core subjects taught in regular seminars. Specifically, we would continue to maximize trainee growth through: One-to-one mentorship from local, visiting and returning experts.

• CWRU – Kenya Infectious Diseases Training Program, Charles H. King Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. This grant will provide intensive training in the research methodology of emerging infectious diseases to investigators, research staff, and other relevant individuals from Kenya . It will also strengthen the scientific and administrative ties with researchers in Kenya . The study will also advance knowledge in the epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, and genetic epidemiology of malaria, schistosomiasis, filariasis and arboviruses; to train US counterparts to foreign scientists in the research methods relevant to the epidemiology and control of Infectious Diseases in developing countries. Aditionally, this study will assist in the infrastructure development of collaborating research centers in Kenya . In order to achieve these goals, the program will provide a continuing program of education and collaborative research projects between CWRU and the Kenya Ministry of Health.

• Infectious Disease Epidemiology Training for Malawians, Steven R. Meshnick MD, PhD, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. This grant will support training in infectious disease epidemiology for Malawians through collaboration between UNC and the new University of Malawi School of Community and Public Health, which has admitted its first class of M.P.H. students this January.

• Emerging Drug Resistant Infections, Lee Riley, Warren Hall, Berkley , California . This training program will build on the last 5 years of a training program supported under the Fogarty International Training and Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases (ITREID) to create a sustainable research training infrastructure in Brazil to address the problem of drug-resistant bacterial infections that occur in both hospital and community settings. This infrastructure will be established at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (FUR J), involving faculty members at FURJ and in the US who have already been collaborating over the last 5 years. Specifically, the new program will build a training program structured around three areas of research: 1) field epidemiology, 2) molecular epidemiology, and 3) molecular biology of bacterial drug resistance. The training sites in the US will include the Infectious Disease and Epidemiology programs of the School of Public Health at University of California at Berkeley (UCB), the Infectious Disease program at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), and Department of Medicine at Weill Medical College of Cornell University in New York City .

• Tropical Vector-borne Viral and Rickettsial Infections, David H. Walker MD, University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pathology, Galveston, Texas. The grant will be used to train doctorial level scientists to develop the scientific level at the Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (Monterrey, Mexico) and the Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan (Merida, Mexico) to that of international competitiveness for independent research support and to build upon the foundation established by the current ITREID project in Cameroon (University of Buea). Acute febrile illnesses in Cameroon include many cases of Rickettsia africae infection, chikungunya and flaviviral infections. It is an outstanding opportunity to determine the risk factors for severity of rickettsial disease, to elucidate the vector biology of R. africae, to identify African human ehrlichioses, and to determine the ecology of sylvatic dengue and other arboviruses.