This appendix contains definitions for MANPRINT-related terms.

—A—

Acquisition Strategy: The method utilized to design, develop, and deploy a system through its life cycle.

Army Systems Acquisition Review Council (ASARC): Top level DA corporate body for systems acquisition that provides advice and assistance to the Secretary of the Army and AAE. Reviews major defense acquisition programs and Army designated acquisition programs.

Automated Information System (AIS): A combination of information, computer, and telecommunications resources and other information technology and personnel resources that collects, records, processes, stores, communicates, retrieves, and displays information.

—C—

Combat Developer (CD): Command or agency that formulates doctrine, concepts, organization, materiel requirements, and objectives. May be used generically to represent the user community role in the materiel acquisition process (counterpart to generic use of MATDEV).

Concern: An issue identified within one or more of the MANPRINT domains, which is expected to result in one or more of the following problems: bodily injury to friendly personnel; reduced mission performance or effectiveness; system damage; or a negative impact on the ability of the MPT community to support fielding with trained and available personnel. Concerns should be resolved if time an resource permit. A concern may become a major issue over time. (See "critical issue" and "major issue.")

Critical Issue: An issue identified within one or more of the MANPRINT domains, which if uncorrected is expected to result in one or more of the following problems: system cannot be started or uncontrollably fails (e.g., engine quits); catastrophic injury or death to the crew or other friendly personnel; seriously degraded mission performance or effectiveness; requires major unprogrammed MPT resources; or jeopardizes the ability of the MPT community (TRADOC, PERSCOM, etc.) to support fielding with trained and available personnel. Critical issues which E-mail unresolved through the IPT process will be included in the IPT’s report to the MDA, or in a separate MANPRINT report to the MDA. Critical issues must be resolved before proceeding to the next acquisition phase.

Early Comparability Analysis (ECA): ECA is an analytical process used to identify manpower, personnel, and training high-driver tasks in current predecessor or systems similar to that being developed. The objective is to design the new system such that these negative characteristics are avoided or minimized. A secondary benefit of the ECA is that insights may be gained into how to mitigate these impacts with the current system, either through changes in manning, personnel considerations, or training fixes.

Functional Expert: An individual who is an expert in a MANPRINT-related functional area (e.g., logistics, testing).

Functional Proponent (FP): The representative of the Army agency responsible for the subject area in which Information Mission Area (IMA) resources are utilized or to be utilized for Major Automated Information Systems (MAIS).

HARDMAN (Hardware vs. Manpower) Comparability Methodology (HCM): The HCM is an analytical tool, developed first by the Navy and adapted for use by the Army, used to estimate the quantitative manpower, personnel, and training requirements associated with the new system. The methodology is expensive, time-consuming, and requires a mainframe computer. However, selected portions of the methodology can be modified and used effectively.

Health Hazards (MANPRINT Domain): The inherent conditions in the use, operation, maintenance, repair, support, storage, and disposal of a system (e.g., acoustical energy, biological substances, chemical substances, oxygen deficiency, radiation energy, shock, temperature extremes, trauma, and vibration) that can cause death, injury, illness, disability, or reduce job performance of personnel.

Health Hazard Assessment: A report, which identifies potential health hazards assigns risks, and provides recommended solutions that may be associated with the development, acquisition, operation, and maintenance of Army systems. The purpose is to preserve and protect the humans who will operate, maintain and support the equipment; enhance total system effectiveness, reduce system retrofit needed to eliminate health hazards; reduce readiness deficiencies attributable to health hazards; and reduce personnel compensation. The Army HHA Program at CHPPM prepares the Health Hazards Assessment Report (HHAR).

Human Factors Engineering: The comprehensive integration of human characteristics (including limitations or constraints) into system definition, design, development, and evaluation to optimize total system performance (the human-machine system) under operational conditions.

Human Factors Engineering Domain Assessment: A report prepared by ARL-HRED that reviews the status of human factors engineering as the system approaches the end of a life cycle phase. A major purpose of the report is to identify any design flaws which, taken singularly or collectively, may be so objectionable that, if not remedied, might warrant a decision not to transition to the next phase. It will also identify issues and concerns that, while not critical, should be resolved to enhance total system operational effectiveness.

Improved Performance Research Integration Tool (IMPRINT): A MANPRINT tool consisting of multiple software components which can be used either singly or in a combination for a determination of the number, attributes, availability, and training needs of soldiers required to operate and maintain Army systems. It can be used to develop constraints and subsequently, to evaluate requirements.

Integrated Concept Team: A integrated team made up of people from multiple disciplines formed for the purposes of developing warfighting concepts, determining DTLOMS solutions to FOCs, developing materiel requirements documents, and developing other DTLOMS requirements documents, when desired.

Integrated Product Team (IPT): An team of representatives from all appropriate functional disciplines working together to build successful programs, identify and resolve issues, provide recommendations to facilitate sound and timely decisions.

Integrating Integrated Product Team (IIPT): An IIPT is a form of Working-Level IPT. It is headed up by the PM; its purpose is to coordinate WIPT efforts and cover all topics not otherwise assigned to another IPT.

Life Cycle Management Model (LCM): A management process, applied throughout the life of a system, that bases all programmatic decisions on the anticipated mission-related and economic benefits derived over the life of the system.

—M—

Major Automated Information System Review Council (MAISRC): The MAISRC is the senior advisory body to the Milestone Decision Authority (MDA), providing advice on program readiness to proceed into the subsequent LCM phases and as to whether proposed plans for the subsequent LCM phases are consistent with sound management practices. It has been replaced by the IT OIPT (Information Technology Overarching Integrating Product Team).

Major Issue: An issue identified within one or more of the MANPRINT domains, which is expected to result in one or more of the following problems: extensive system damage; injury to friendly personnel; a major reduction in mission performance or effectiveness; or a major negative impact on the ability of the MPT community to support fielding with trained and available personnel. A major issue may become critical over time, and should be resolved as soon as possible in the next acquisition phase.

Manpower (MANPRINT Domain): The number of men and women, military and civilian, required, authorized and potentially available to train, operate, maintain, repair, supply, transport and provide base support for a system.

MANPRINT (Manpower and Personnel Integration): The comprehensive technical effort to identify and integrate all relevant information and considerations regarding the full range of manpower, personnel, training, human factors engineering, system safety, health hazards, and soldier survivability into the system development and acquisition process to improve individual performance, total system performance, and reduce the cost of ownership throughout the entire life cycle of a system.

MANPRINT Action Officer (AO): An individual held accountable by the Program Manager or (Branch, Specified or Functional) Proponent for assisting the implementing and managing of MANPRINT inputs and activities.

MANPRINT Assessment: An integrated assessment across each domain of the MANPRINT status of the system. The objective is to identify any unresolved MANPRINT issues or concerns. Issues still unresolved after coordination with the PM are presented to the ODCSPER for presentation at the ASARC/IT OIPT or similar milestone decision review. The assessment is drafted by ARL-HRED and finalized by the Director, PERTEC and signed for the DCSPER, DA.

MANPRINT Working-Level Integrated Product Team (MANPRINT WIPT): A body of experts in the MANPRINT domains and other functional areas who are responsible for assisting the PM in applying MANPRINT principles and practices to the system. Materiel Developer: The RDA command, agency, or office assigned responsibility for the system under development or being acquired. The term may be used generically to refer to the RDA community in the materiel acquisition process (counterpart to the generic use of CD).

MPT Assessments: Assesses the manpower, personnel and training risks of the system. It identifies any/all risks/issues prior to the milestone review. PERSCOM, DCSOPS, MPT Domain Branch will conduct the assessments on new and improved Major Automated Information Systems, Major Defense Acquisition Programs and Major Systems. ARL-HRED will the conduct the assessments on non-major systems when required.

Milestone Decision Review (MDR): The decision point, separating life cycle phases, at which the system’s status is assessed for fitness to proceed to the next phase. The activities that have been performed in the preceding LCM phase, the status of program execution and program management's plans for the E-mailer of the program, are assessed and exit criteria for the next LCM phase are established during the milestone review and decision process.

NDI/COTS: A broad, generic term that covers materiel available from a wide variety of sources with little or no development effort required by the government. NDI/COTS items include items: available in the commercial marketplace; already developed and in use by other U.S. military services or government agencies or by a foreign government with which the United States has a mutual defense cooperation agreement; already being produced, but not yet available in the commercial marketplace.

Overarching Integrated Product Team (OIPT): OIPTs are formed to provide assistance, oversight and review as a program proceeds through its acquisition life cycle. They are composed of the PM, PEO, Component Staff, Joint Staff (if applicable), Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition & Technology (USD(A&T)), and the OSD staff principals or their representatives.

Personnel (MANPRINT Domain): The cognitive and physical capabilities required to be able to train for, operate, maintain and sustain materiel and information systems. Included are the human aptitudes, skills, knowledge, and experiences required to perform job tasks included in the total system design compared to these characteristics possessed by the target audience.

Program/Project/Product Manager (PM): A HQDA board-selected manager for a system or program. A PM may be subordinate to either the AAE, PEO, or a materiel command commander. The title refers to the level of intensity the Army assigns to particular weapon or information systems. As a rule, a Program Manager is a General Officer or SES; a Project Manager is a Colonel or GS-15; and a Product Manager is a Lieutenant Colonel or GS-14.

Soldier Survivability (MANPRINT Domain): The design characteristics or operational requirements of a system that: reduce detectability by the enemy; reduce fratricide; facilitate cover and concealment; minimize likelihood and extent of injuries if engaged; and minimize physical and mental fatigue (a design concern shared with human factors engineering).

Soldier Survivability Domain Assessment: A report which addresses the system's ability to reduce fratricide, detectability, and probability of being attacked, as well as minimize system damage, soldier injury, and cognitive and physical fatigue. ARL-SLAD prepares this report.

System MANPRINT Management Plan (SMMP): The SMMP is the Army's Human Systems Integration Plan. It serves as a planning and management guide and as an audit trail to identify tasks, analyses, tradeoffs, and decisions that must be made to address MANPRINT issues during the system development and acquisition process. The SMMP may be updated as needed throughout the acquisition process and prior to each MDR. It is no longer mandatory but is an excellent managerial control tool.

System Safety (MANPRINT Domain): The design characteristics and operational characteristics (including operating procedure requirements) of a system that minimize possiblities of machine, personnel, or total system accidents or failures and create an acceptable level of risk.

System Safety Domain Assessment: A report which assesses the overall safety of the emerging or changing system and ensures that system safety issues and concerns, and recommended solutions, are integrated into the acquisition program. For major materiel systems, the U.S. Army Safety Center prepares this report; for AIS, U.S. Army Materiel Command prepares the report; for non-major systems, USAMC prepares the report.

Target Audience Description (TAD): The TAD lists occupational identifiers for personnel who are projected to operate, maintain, repair, train, and support a specific future Army system. Further, for each identifier, the TAD provides an information source which will describe the characteristics of the personnel identified. Describing projected system personnel early in the acquisition process increases the Army's flexibility to achieve the best system solution in terms of design, affordability, supportability and performance. While a TAD is no longer mandatory, early identification of the target audience remains essential.

Total System: A total system includes not just the prime mission equipment, but the people who operate and maintain the system; how system security procedures and practices are implemented; how the system operates in its intended operational environment and how the system will be able to respond to any effect unique to that environment (such as Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC) or information warfare); how the system will be deployed to this environment; the system’s compatibility, interoperability, and integration with other systems; the operational and support infrastructure (including Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence (C4I); training and training devices; any data required by the system in order for it to operate; and the system’s potential impact on the environment and environmental compliance.

Total System Performance: Total system performance is customarily measured in two areas: effectiveness and suitability. Operational effectiveness is defined as the overall degree of mission accomplishment of a system when used by representative personnel in the environment planned or expected (for example, natural, electronic, threat, and so forth) for operational employment of the system considering organization, doctrine, tactics, survivability, vulnerability, and threat (including countermeasures; initial nuclear weapons effects; nuclear, biological, and chemical contamination threats). Operational suitability is defined as the degree to which a system can be satisfactorily placed in field use with consideration given to availability, compatibility, transportability, interoperability, reliability, wartime usage rates, maintainability, safety, human factors, manpower supportability, logistic supportability, and training requirements.

Tradeoff Analyses: The system acquisition process consists of a continuous series of tradeoffs both at the macro and micro level. The critical factor is the "trade space". This is the range between objective and threshold that can be traded-off by the PM. The best time to reduce life-cycle costs is early in the acquisition process. Cost reductions should be accomplished through cost/performance tradeoff analyses conducted before an acquisition approach is finalized. MANPRINT should significantly impact the operating and support costs as part of the life-cycle costs. Every MANPRINT domain has its own cost implications and potential cost savings/avoidance.

Training (MANPRINT Domain): Consideration of the necessary time and resources required to impart the requisite knowledge, skills, and abilities to qualify Army personnel for operation, maintenance, repair, and support of Army systems. It involves (1) the formulation and selection of engineering design alternatives which are supportable from a training perspective (2) the documentation of training strategies, and (3) the timely determination of resource requirements to enable the Army training system to support system fielding. It includes analyses of the tasks performed by the operator, maintainer, repairer, and supporter; the conditions under which they must be performed; and the performance standards, which must be met. Training is linked with personnel analyses and actions in that availability of qualified personnel is a direct function of the training process.

Working-Level Integrated Product Team (WIPT): WIPTs are a form of IPT. They are made up of representatives from the PM office, CD organization, Department of the Army (DA) staff, contractors, and other cognizant functional experts. They are headed up the PM or the PM’s designated representative. Their purpose is to assist the PM to efficiently develop/acquire the new system by addressing all facets of the life cycle on as much of a real-time basis as is possible.

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