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Who is the SWS for?
Why was the SWS developed?
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What don't we know about the SWS?

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Handbook for SWS Implementation

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What We Know About the Safe Water System

The SWS improves microbiologic drinking water quality.

Click below for the full text from studies that demonstrate improvement in drinking water quality in households using the SWS.

Narrow-mouthed water storage vessels and in situ chlorination in a Bolivian community: a simple method to improve drinking water quality.

A Low-Cost Intervention for Cleaner Drinking Water in Karachi, Pakistan.

Microbiologic evaluation and community acceptance of a plastic water storage vessel, point-of-use water treatment, and handwashing in Karachi, Pakistan. (Abstract only)

Keeping clean water clean in a Malawi refugee camp: a randomized intervention trial.

Impact of the Safe Water System on Water Quality in Cyclone-Affected Communities in Madagascar.

Click below for a table containing data on the inactivation of several bacteria, viruses, and protozoa by chlorine.

Effect of Chlorination on Inactivating Selected Microorganisms

2. The SWS prevents diarrhea.

Click below for the full text from studies that demonstrate reduction in diarrhea rates among persons using the SWS.

Diarrhea prevention in Bolivia through point-of-use disinfection and safe storage: a promising new strategy.

Water distribution system and diarrheal disease transmission: a case study in Uzbekistan.

A new strategy for waterborne disease transmission. (Abstract only)

Keeping clean water clean in a Malawi refugee camp: a randomized intervention trial.

Cholera Prevention With Traditional and Novel Water Treatment Methods: A Report of an Outbreak Investigation in Fort-Dauphin, Madagascar

3. The SWS improves the quality of beverages sold by street vendors.

Click for the full text from a study conducted in Guatemala that showed an improvement in quality of beverages sold by street vendors who used the SWS.

Reduction of fecal contamination of street-vended beverages in Guatemala by a simple system for water purification and storage, handwashing, and beverage storage.

4. The SWS improves the quality of bulk oral rehydration solution (ORS).

Click for the full text from a study that demonstrated that oral rehydration solution could be made safer by using the SWS.

First do no harm: making oral rehydration solution (ORS) safer in a cholera epidemic.

5. The SWS can be effectively marketed.

Click below for sales data from SWS projects in Madagascar and Zambia.

Madagascar sales data

Zambia sales data

6. Short and medium-term use of the SWS can be enhanced by motivational interviewing.

Click for the full text from a study that demonstrated the positive impact of motivational interviewing on use of the SWS.

Motivational interviewing enhances the adoption of water disinfection practices in Zambia.

Adoption of Safe Water Behaviors in Zambia: Comparing Educational and Motivational Approaches.

7. Water stored in clay pots can be effectively treated with sodium hypochlorite solution.

Click for the full text from a study that demonstrated that turbid, contaminated source water stored in clay pots can be adequately disinfected using chlorine in laboratory and household settings.

Seeking Safe Storage: A Comparison of Drinking Water Quality in Clay and Plastic Vessels.

If you have experience with any of these or related issues, we would like to hear about it. Please email us at safewater@cdc.gov.

What we don't yet know about the SWS

  

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This page last revised October 1, 2003

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Center for Infectious Diseases
Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases
Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch