Nondestructive Evaluation for Detection of
Honeycomb in the Sawmill: An Economic Analysis (PDF 177 KB)
Anderson, R. Bruce; Wiedenbeck, Janice K.; Ross, Robert J.1997. Forest Prod. J.
47(6): 53-59.
Moisture
Protection for Timber Members (PDF 275 KB)
Blankenhorn, Paul R.; Bukowski, Steven; Kainz, James A.; Ritter, Michael 1999. In:
Walford, G.B.; Gaunt, D.J., eds. Proceedings of the Pacific Timber Engineering
Conference; 1999 March 14-18; Rotorua, New Zealand. New Zealand Forest Research
Institute, Forest Res. Bull. 212: 240-248. Vol. 2.
Detection
of Wetwood in Green Red Oak Lumber by Ultrasound and Gas Chromatography-Mass
Spectrometry Analysis (PDF 455 KB)
Brashaw, Brian K.; Adams, Roy D.; Schafer, Mark S.; Ross, Robert J.; Pettersen,
Roger C. 2000. In: Proceedings of the 12th International
Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of Wood; 2000 September 13-15; University
of Western Hungary, Sopron. Divos, Ferenc, ed. 2000. Sopron, Hungary:
University of Western Hungary. 49-56.
Stress Wave Nondestructive Evaluation of Green
Veneer: Southern Yellow Pine and Douglas Fir (PDF 270 KB)
Brashaw, Brian K.; Ross, Robert J.; Pellerin, Roy F. 1996. In: Doctor,
Steve; Lebowitz, Carol A.; Baaklini, George Y., eds. Nondestructive evaluation
of materials and composites. Proceedings of symposium; 1996, December 3-5;
Scottsdale, AZ. Bellingham, WA: SPIE The International Society for Optical
Engineering; Vol. 2944: 296-306.
Static and
Vibration Moduli of Elasticity of Salvaged and New Joists (PDF 107 KB)
Cai, Zhiyong; Hunt, Michael O.; Ross, Robert J.; Soltis, Lawrence A. 2000.
Forest Prod. J. 50(2): 35-40.
Rainwater Intrusion in Light-Frame Building Walls (PDF 206 KB)
Carll, Charles. 2000. In: Proceedings, 2nd annual conference PATH consortium for wood-frame housing in cooperation with the Forest Products Society; 2000 November 6-8; Madison, WI. Madison, WI: Forest Products Society: 33-40.
(http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2000/carll00a.pdf)
Accuracy of Wood Resistance Sensors for
Measurement of Humidity (PDF 192 KB)
Carll, Charles; TenWolde, Anton 1996. J. Testing and Eval. 24(3): 154-160.
In-Service Moisture Content of Hardboard Lap
Siding in Southern Florida (PDF 152 KB)
Carll, C.; TenWolde, A.; Malinauskas, V.; Knaebe, M.; Sotos, P.G. 1999. In:
Lacasse, Michael A.; Vanier, Dana, J., eds. Service life and durability of
materials and components. Vol. 1. Proceedings, 8th international
conference on durability of building materials and components; 1999 May 30-June
3; Vancouver, Canada. Ottawa, Canada: NRC Research Press: 680-692.
Condition Assessment of Roof Trusses of Quincy Mine Blacksmith Shop in Keweenaw National Historical Park (PDF 118 KB)
Clausen, Carol A.; Ross, Robert J.; Forsman, John W.; Balachowski, Joseph D.
2001. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note FPL-RN-0281. 4 p.
(http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn281.pdf)
Condition assessment is an important first step in the restoration of any historic structure. Immunodiagnosis of wood decay fungi, non-destructive evaluation stress wave mapping, and compression perpendicular to grain were used to evaluate white pine roof truss timbers from the Blacksmith Shop of the Quincy Mining Company in Keweenaw National Historical Park. Immunodiagnosis indicated that areas in the timber had been exposed to decay fungi. Stress wave nondestructive evaluation mapping located voids in the timbers tested. Compression perpendicular to the grain correlated with nondestructive evaluation findings.
Fire Endurance Modeling of Wood Structural
Systems (PDF 259 KB)
Cramer, Steven M.; White, Robert H. 1996. In: Gopu, Vijaya K.A., ed.
Proceedings of the international wood engineering conference; 1996, October
28-31; New Orleans, LA. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University: Vol. 2:
249-256.
Fire Performance Issues (PDF 187 KB)
Cramer, Steven M.; White, Robert H. 1998. In: Fridley, Kenneth J., ed.
Wood engineering in the 21st century: research needs and goals. Proceedings,
workshop offered in conjunction with the SEI/ASCE Structures Congress XV; 1997
April 16; Portland, OR. Reston, VA: Struc. Eng. Institute/Am. Soc. Civil Eng.:
75-87.
Evaluation of Wood Treated With Copper-Based
Preservatives for Cu Loss During Exposure to Heat and Copper-Tolerant Bacillus
licheniformis (PDF 156 KB)
Crawford, Douglas M.; Clausen, Carol A. 1999. In: Test methodology
and assessment. Sec. 2. Proceedings of The International Research Group of Wood
Preservation, 30th annual meeting; 1999 June 6-11; Rosenheim, Germany.
Stockholm, Sweden: The International Research Group on Wood Preservation.
Document IRG/WP 99-20155.
Evaluation of New Creosote Formulations
(PDF 228 KB)
Crawford, Douglas M.; DeGroot, Rodney C.1996. In: Ritter, Michael A.;
Duwadi, Shella Rimal; Lee, Paula D. Hilbrich, eds. Proceedings, National
conference on wood transportation structures--new wood treatments; 1996 October
23-25; Madison, WI. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Forest Products Laboratory. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR
94: 371-378.
Ten-Year Performance of Treated Northeastern
Softwoods in Aboveground and Gound-Contact Exposures (PDF 192 KB)
Crawford, Douglas M.; DeGroot, Rodney C.; Gjovik, Lee R. 1999. USDA Forest
Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-578. 9 p.
The commercial value of several softwood species of the northeastern United States could be increased if these woods could be treated to meet existing American Wood Preservers' Association Standards and used in durable structures. We evaluated the long-term durability of incised and unincised white pine, red pine, eastern spruce, balsam fir, and eastern hemlock treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate (ACA) and chromated copper arsenate (CCA-Type C). The treated wood was exposed above ground and in ground contact in the southern and northeastern United States. Simulated decks were tested above ground in Cumberland, Maine, and Amherst, Massachusetts. Stakes were tested in ground contact in Saucier, Mississippi, and Cumberland, Maine. Replicates of all test species and conditions, including untreated controls, were represented in the test plots and decks. Both the stakes and deck material were monitored annually for structural condition and appearance. After 10 years of aboveground exposure, all untreated decks (controls) failed as a result of decay. Wood treated with CCA showed somewhat better durability than did wood treated with ACA. Except for white pine, treated incised wood species showed no evidence of decay. Incised white pine treated with ACA failed by excessive checking. Unincised white pine treated with CCA also failed, as a result of transverse scaling and radial checking. In ground-contact field trials, failure patterns of untreated stakes showed more differences than did performance patterns of treated stakes at different exposure sites. Overall, these results suggest that treated northeastern softwood species could be used for durable construction.
Treatability
of U.S. Wood Species With Pigment-Emulsified Creosote (PDF 231 KB)
Crawford, Douglas M.; DeGroot, Rodney C.; Watkins, John B.; Greaves, Harry;
Schmalzl, Karl J.; Syers, T.L. 2000. Forest Prod. J. 50(1): 29-35.
Protection of Southern Pine Using N,
N-Naphthaloylhydroxylamine: Field Tests, Soft-Rot Cellars and Aquatic Bioassay
Leach Testing (PDF 167 KB)
Crawford, Douglas M.; Green, Frederick, III 1999. In: Wood Protecting
Chemicals. Sec. 3. Proceedings of The International Research Group of Wood
Preservation, 30th annual meeting; 1999 June 6-11; Rosenheim, Germany.
Stockholm, Sweden: The International Research Group on Wood Preservation.
Document IRG/WP 99-30204.
Evaluation
of New Creosote Formulations After Extended Exposures in Fungal Cellar Tests
and Field Plot Tests (PDF 188 KB)
Crawford, Douglas, Lebow, Patricia K.; DeGroot, Rodney C. 2000. In: Wood
protecting chemicals. Sec. 3. Research Group on Wood Preservation, 31st
annual meeting; 2000 May 14-19; Kona, Hawaii. Stockholm, Sweden: The
International Research Group on Wood Preservation. Document IRG/WP 00-30228.
An
Experimental Method to Simulate Incipient Decay of Wood by Basidiomycete Fungi
(PDF 61 KB)
Curling, Simon; Winandy, Jerrold E.; Clausen, Carol A. 2000. In: Test
methodology and assessment. Sec. 2. Research Group on Wood Preservation, 31st
annual meeting; 2000 May 14-19; Kona, Hawaii. Stockholm, Sweden: The
International Research Group on Wood Preservation. Document IRG/WP 00-20200.
Five-Year
Field Trials Using Preservative-Treated, Second-Growth Douglas-fir Exposed in
Ground Contact in Australia (PDF 121 KB)
DeGroot, Rodney C.; Crawford, Douglas M.; Norton, Jack; Keith, John 2000.
Forest Prod. J. 50(2): 46-53.
Integrated Efficacy Evaluations of New
Preservatives in Alternative Wood Species (PDF 104 KB)
DeGroot, Rodney; Crawford, Douglas; Woodward, Bessie1996. In: Ritter,
Michael A.; Duwardi, Shella Rimal; Lee, Paula D. Hilbrich, eds. Proceedings,
National conference on wood transportation structures--new wood treatments;
1996 October 23-25; Madison, WI. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep.
FPL-GTR 94: 379-388.
Does More Preservative Mean a Better Product?
(PDFD 256 KB)
DeGroot, Rodney C.; Evans, James 1999. Forest Prod. J. 49(9): 59-68.
Patterns of Long-Term Performance--How Well
Are They Predicted From Accelerated Tests and Should Evaluations Consider
Parameters Other Than Average? (PDF 102 KB)
DeGroot, Rodney C.; Evans, James W. 1998. In:
Proceedings of The International Research Group of Wood Preservation, 29th
annual meeting; 1998 June 14-19; Maastricht, The Netherlands. Stockholm,
Sweden: The International Research Group on Wood Preservation Sec. 2, Document
IRG/WP 98-20130.
Soil-Contact Decay Tests Using Small Blocks--A
Procedural Analysis (PDF 329 KB)
DeGroot, Rodney C.; Evans, James W.; Forsyth, Paul G.; Freitag, Camille M.;
Morrell, Jeffrey 1998. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-571. 7 p.
In this study, procedural aspects of soil-jar decay tests with 1-cm3 blocks were critically examined. Differences among individual bottles were a major source of variation in this method. The reproducibility and sensitivity of the soil-jar method using small blocks must be further characterized before it can be accepted as a standard protocol for evaluating preservative-treated wood.
Distribution of Borates Around Point Source
Injections in Dry Wood Members (PDF 7.5 MB)
DeGroot, Rodney C.; Felton, Colin C. 1998. Holzforschung. 52(1): 37-45.
Distribution
of Borates Around Point Source Injections in Wood Members Exposed Outside
(PDF 119 KB)
DeGroot, Rodney C.; Felton, Colin C.; Crawford, Douglas M. 2000. USDA Forest
Serv. Res. Note FPL-RN-0275. 5 p.
In bridge timbers, wood decay is usually found where water has accessed the end-grain surfaces. In preservative-treated members, end-grain surfaces are most likely to be those resulting from on-site framing cuts or borings. Because these at-risk surfaces are easy to see, it seems feasible to establish a program where diffusible preservatives are repetitively inserted into those critical areas spatially distributed in a grid and on a schedule that will ensure protection, thereby extending the life of the entire structure. The objective of this study was to determine the vertical and lateral distribution and the post-treatment behavior of injected and inserted borate preservatives in wood exposed to natural wetting in field exposure. During this 1- and 2-year exposure, rain wetting elevated the moisture content of the wood enough to support growth of decay fungi in wood not protected by borates. Point source treatments consisted of either borate solutions or fused borate rods that were injected or inserted, respectively, into predrilled holes. The longitudinal movement of borates applied as either glycol or aqueous solutions was generally greater than that occurring with treatment of borate rods only. Lateral distribution of borates was similar among treatments. In Southern Pine, differences in both vertical and longitudinal movement of borate from the insertion holes were associated with the type of closure used. Results indicate that borates can be included in a maintenance program consisting of time-sequenced treatment of critical regions of wood bridges that are at risk for internal decay. Grids for placement of point sources of diffusible borates in engineered wood structures could be developed on a wood-species-specific basis. Such treatments would complement the exterior shell of protection provided by the original pressure treatment and enhance long-term durability.
Field Durability of CCA- and ACA-Treated
Plywood Composed of Hardwood and Softwood Veneers (PDF 180 KB)
DeGroot, Rodney C.; Gjovik, Lee R.; Crawford, Douglas; Woodward, Bessie 1998.
Forest Prod. J. 48(2): 76-82.
Non-Destructive Assessment of Wood Decay and
Termite Attack in Southern Pine Sapwood (PDF 218 KB)
DeGroot, R.C.; Ross, R.J.; Nelson, W.J. 1998. Wood Protection. 3(2): 25-34.
A Laboratory Soil-Contact Decay Test: An
Accelerated Method to Determine Durability of Treated Wood Shakes (PDF 240
KB)
DeGroot, Rodney C.; Woodward, Bessie 1996. Wood Fiber Sci. 28(2): 214-226.
Natural
Decay Resistance of Heartwood From Dead, Standing Yellow-cedar Trees:
Laboratory Evaluations (PDF 155 KB)
DeGroot, Rodney C.; Woodward, Bessie; Hennon, Paul E. 2000. Forest Prod. J.
50(1): 53-59.
Drying
Hardwood Lumber (PDF 1.6 MB)
Denig, Joseph; Wengert, Eugene M.; Simpson, William T. 2000. USDA Forest Serv.
Gen Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-118. 138 p.
Drying Hardwood Lumber focuses on common methods for drying lumber of different thickness, with minimal drying defects, for high quality applications. The manual also includes predrying treatments that, when part of an overall quality-oriented drying system, reduce defects and improve drying quality, especially of oak lumber. Special attention is given to drying white wood, such as hard maple and ash, without sticker shadow or other discoloration. Several special drying methods, such as solar drying, are described, and proper techniques for storing dried lumber are discussed. Suggestions are provided for ways to economize on drying costs by reducing drying time and energy demands when feasible. Each chapter is accompanied by a list of references. Some references are cited in the chapter; others are listed as additional sources of information. (A free printed copy of this report can be obtained from the Publications Department, Wood Education and Resource Center, 301 Hardwood Lane, Princeton, WV 24740, Attn: Clyde Meador Fax: (304) 487-6661, E-mail: educaiton@werc-hdw.com)
Ignitability Analysis of Siding Materials
Using Modified Protocol for Lift Apparatus (PDF 159 KB)
Dietenberger, Mark A. 1996. Fire. Mater. 20: 115-121.
Update for Combustion Properties of Wood Components (PDF 204 KB)
Dietenberger, Mark. 2001. In: Proceedings, 7th international conference, Fire and Materials 2001 conference; 2001 January 22-24; San Francisco, CA. London, UK: Interscience Communications: 159-171.
(http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/diete01a.pdf)
Analytical
Model of Flame Spread in Full-Scale Room/Corner Tests (IS09705) (PDF 32 KB)
Dietenberger, Mark; Grexa, Ondrej 1999. In: Proceedings of the 6th
international conference and exhibition, of Fire and Materials '99; 1999
February 22-23; San Antonio, TX. London, United Kingdom: Interscience
Communications Ltd.: 211-222.
Correlation
of Smoke Development in Room Tests With Cone Calorimeter Data for Wood Products
(PDF 125 KB)
Dietenberger, Mark A.; Grexa, Ondrej 2000. In:
Osvald, Anton, ed. Proceedings of Wood & Fire Safety, 4th
international scientific conference, Pt. 1; 2000, May 14-19; Palria, Strbske
Pieso, Slovak Republic. Zvolen, Slovakia: Faculty of Wood Technology, Technical
University of Zvolen: 45-55.
Room/Corner Tests of Wall Linings With
100/300 kW Burner (PDF 210 Kbytes)
Dietenberger, Mark A.; Grexa, Ondrej; White, Robert H..; Sweet, Mitch;
Janssens, Marc 1995. In: Proceedings, 4th international fire and
materials conference; 1995 November 15-16; Crystal City, WA. London, UK: Inter
Science Communications Limited: 53-62.
Nondestructive
Evaluation Techniques for Timber Bridges (PDF 148 KB)
Emerson, Robert N.; Pollock, David G.; Kainz, James A.; Fridley, Kenneth J.;
McLean, David I.; Ross, Robert J. 1998. In: Natterer, J.; Sandoz, J.-L.
Proceedings, 5th World conference on timber engineering; 1998 August 17-20;
Montreux, Switzerland. Lausanne Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology: 670-677 Vol. 1.
The Recycling Potential of
Preservative-Treated Wood (PDF 369 KB)
Felton, Colin C.; DeGroot, Rodney C. 1996. Forest Prod. J. 46(7/8): 37-46.
Air Drying of Lumber (PDF 4,5 MB)
Forest Products Laboratory 1999. USDA Forest Serv. Gen Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-117.
62 p.
This report describes how lumber can be air-dried most effectively under outdoor conditions and illustrates the principles and procedures of air-drying lumber that were developed through field investigations and observations of industrial practices. Particular emphasis is placed on the yarding of lumber in unit packages. Included are topics such as why lumber is dried, advantages and limitations of the drying process, properties of wood in relation to drying, layout of the drying yard, piling methods, causes and remedies of air-drying defects, and protection of air-dried lumber.
Environmental
Impact of Preservative-Treated Wood in a Wetland Boardwalk (PDF 2.6 MB)
Forest Products Laboratory 2000. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-582. 126 p.
Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and industry partners are cooperating in a study of the leaching and environmental effects of a wetland boardwalk. The construction project is considered "worst case" because the site has high rainfall and large volumes of treated wood were used. Separate boardwalk test sections were constructed using untreated wood or wood treated with ammoniacal copper quat Type B (ACQ-B), ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA), chromated copper arsenate Type C (CCA-C), or copper dimethyldithiocarbamate.
Part I of this report focuses on leaching of preservative components. Surface soil, sediment, and water samples were removed before construction and at intervals after construction to determine the concentrations and movement of leached preservatives. The preservatives released measurable amounts of copper and/or chromium, zinc, or arsenic into rainwater collected from the wood, and elevated levels of preservatives were found in the soil and/or sediment adjacent to the treated wood. With few exceptions, elevated environmental concentrations of preservative components were confined to within close proximity of the boardwalk.
Part II of this report focuses on the effects of boardwalks treated with CCA, ACZA, and ACQ-B on populations of aquatic invertebrates. The experimental variables were total species richness (total number of taxa), total sample abundance (number of organisms/sample), dominant sample abundance (1% total specimens in vegetation, artificial substrate, and infaunal samples), and Shannon's and Pielou's indices. The infaunal samples contained the largest mean number of animals and the highest total taxa richness. Although measurable increases occurred in water column and sediment preservative concentrations, no taxa were excluded or significantly reduced in number by any preservative treatment.
Stress Wave
Timing Nondestructive Evaluation Tools for Inspecting Historic Structures
(PDF 284 KB)
Forest Products Laboratory 2000. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-119.
15 p.
This guide was prepared to assist inspectors in the use of stress wave timing instruments and various methods of locating and defining areas of decay in timber members in historic structures. The first two sections provide (a) background information regarding conventional methods to locate and measure decay in historic structures and (b) the principles of stress wave nondestructive testing and measurement techniques. The last section is a detailed description of how to apply the use of stress wave nondestructive testing methods in the field. A sample field data acquisition form and additional reference material are included in the Appendix. This guide includes all the information needed to begin to utilize and interpret results from stress wave timing nondestructive evaluation methods.
Flame
Retardant Treated Wood Products (PDF 351 KB)
Grexa, Ondrej 2000. In: Osvald,
Anton, ed. Proceedings of Wood & Fire Safety, 4th international
scientific conference, Pt. 1; 2000, May 14-19; Palria, Strbske Pieso, Slovak
Republic. Zvolen, Slovakia: Faculty of Wood Technology, Technical University of
Zvolen: 101-110.
Fundamental Thermophysical Properties of
Materials Derived From the Cone Calorimeter Measurements (PDF 187 KB)
Grexa, Ondrej; Janssens, Marc; White, Robert; Dietenberger, Mark 1996. In:
Wood & Fire Safety. Proceedings, 3rd international scientific conference;
1996, May 6-9; Slovak Republic. Zvolen, Slovak Republic: Technical University
Zvolen, Faculty of Wood Technology: 139-147.
A Miniature Mechanical Apparatus and Test
Protocol for Bending and Crushing Tests in Wood Preservation Research (PDF
90 KB)
Gui, Young Q.; Nicholas, Darrel D.; Crawford, Douglas. 1996. Forest Prod. J.
46(10): 77-80.
Preservative Treatment Evaluation of Five
Appalachian Hardwoods at Two Moisture Contents (PDF 270 KB)
Hassler, Curt C.; Slahor, Jeffrey J.; DeGroot, Rodney C.; Gardner, Douglas J.
1998. Forest Prod. J. 48 (7/8): 37-42.
A
Comparison of the Treatability of Southern Yellow Pine to Five Appalachian
Hardwoods (PDF 192 KB)
Hassler, Curt C.; Slahor, Jeffrey J.; Gardner, Douglas J. 1999. Forest Prod. J.
49(2): 89-93.
Comparative Durability of Untreated Wood in
Use Above Ground (PDF 213 Kbytes)
Highley, T.L. 1995. Int. Biodeter. & Biodegrad. 409-419.
Wood Preservation Based on in situ Polymerization of Bioactive Monomers-Part 1. Synthesis of Bioactive Monomers, Wood Treatments and Microscopic Analysis (PDF 529 KB)
Ibach, Rebecca, E.; Rowell, Roger M. 2001. Holzforschung 55(4): 358-364.
(http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/ibach01a.pdf)
Wood Preservation Based on in situ Polymerization of Bioactive Monomers-Part 2. Fungal Resistance and Thermal Properties of Treated Wood (PDF 219 KB)
Ibach, Rebecca, E.; Rowell, Roger M. 2001. Holzforschung 55(4): 365-372.
(http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/ibach01b.pdf)
Termite and
Fungal Resistance of in situ Polymerized Tribu-tyltin Acrylate and
Acetylated Indonesian and USA Wood (PDF 230 KB)
Ibach, Rebecca, E.; Hadi, Yusuf Sudo; Nandika, Dodi; Yusuf, Sulaeman;
Indrayani, Yuliati 2000. In: Wood protecting chemicals. Sec. 3. Research
Group on Wood Preservation, 31st annual meeting; 2000 May 14-19;
Kona, Hawaii. Stockholm, Sweden: The International Research Group on Wood
Preservation. Document IRG/WP 00-30219.
Relative Tolerance of CCA by Larvae and
Adults of the Common Shipworm, Bankia gouldi (PDF 197 KB)
Johnson, Bruce R.; Lebow, Stan T.1996. Mater. und Organ. 30: 73-78.
Effect of Compression Wood on Leaching and Fixation of CCA-C Treated Red Pine (PDF 45 KB)
Kartal, S. Nami; Lebow, Stan T. 2000. Wood Fiber Sci. 33(2): 182-192.
(http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2000/karta00a.pdf)
Effect of
Compression Wood on Leaching of Chromium, Copper, and Arsenic From CCA-C
Treated Red Pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) (PDF 45 KB)
Kartal, S. Nami; Lebow, Stan 2000. In: Wood protecting chemicals. Sec.
3. Research Group on Wood Preservation, 31st annual meeting; 2000
May 14-19; Kona, Hawaii. Stockholm, Sweden: The International Research Group on
Wood Preservation. Document IRG/WP 00-30232.
Field Performance of New Wood Preservative
Systems in Secondary Timber Species (PDF 280 KB)
Laks, Peter E.; Gutting, Kurt W.; DeGroot, Rodney C. 1997. In:
Proceedings of the The International Research Group on Wood Preservation; 28th
annual meeting; 1997 May 25-30; Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. The
Research Group on Wood Preservation. Sec. 3. Wood protecting chemicals. IRG/WP
97-60077.
Modelling the Char Behaviour of Structural
Timber (PDF 288 KB)
Lau, P.W.C.; Van Zeeland, I. ; White, R. 1998. In: Proceedings of the
5th international conference of Fire and Materials '98; 1998 February 23-24;
San Antonio, TX. London, United Kingdom: Interscience Communications Ltd.:
123-135.
Leaching of Wood Preservative Components and
Their Mobility in the Environment--Summary of Pertinent Literature (PDF 429
KB)
Lebow, Stan. 1996. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-93. 36 p.
Preservative-treated wood is an economical, durable, and aesthetically pleasing building material; therefore, it is a natural choice for construction projects in our National Forests, National Parks, and other public lands. However, we need to ensure that the chemicals used in treated wood do not pose a threat to people or the environment. The purpose of this report is to provide a summary of the pertinent literature on leaching of wood preservative components and their mobility in the environment.
Effect of Prestain on the Release Rate of
Copper, Chromium, and Arsenic From Western Hemlock (PDF 166 KB)
Lebow, Stan T.; Evans, James W. 1999. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note FPL-RN-0271.
6 p.
To enhance appearance, stains are often sprayed onto western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) lumber prior to treatment with chromated copper arsenate (CCA-C). Recently, concerns have increased that prestaining may affect the rate of leaching of CCA-C components from the treated wood and that leaching data generated with prestained material may not reflect the rate of release from nonstained wood. A secondary concern is that copper naphthenate field treatments applied to wood exposed during construction may contribute to the amount of copper released from CCA-C-treated structures. This paper describes a study in which the release of copper, chromium, and arsenic was compared with end-matched nonstained and prestained CCA-C treated specimens exposed to artificial rainfall. The effect of copper naphthenate end coating on release of copper was also evaluated. The application of prestain prior to CCA-C treatment reduced the release rate of arsenic from the treated wood by approximately 28%. Most of the decrease in leaching appeared to occur early in the test, during the time when arsenic release was greatest. The prestain also appeared to slightly decrease the release of copper and chromium, but these differences were not statistically significant. The application of a copper-naphthenate end coating did significantly increase the amount of copper detected in the leachate. Results from this study indicate that release rate data generated from nonstained CCA-C-treated wood may overestimate the release of arsenic from wood that has been prestained. In addition, results suggest that the application of a prestain may be a valuable tool in minimizing the release of arsenic from CCA-C-treated wood.
Release of Copper, Chromium, and Arsenic From
Treated Southern Pine Exposed in Seawater and Freshwater (PDF 254 KB)
Lebow, Stan T.; Foster, Daniel O.; Lebow, Patricia K. 1999. Forest Prod. J.
49(7/8): 80-89.
Effect
of Prestain on the Treatability of Western Hemlock With Chromated Copper
Arsenate (PDF 104 KB)
Lebow, Stan T.; Halverson, Steven A. 1999. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note
FPL-RN-0269. 5 p.
To enhance the appearance of the treated product, a stain is often sprayed onto western hemlock lumber prior to treatment with chromated copper arsenate (CCA-C). There is concern that this stain might interfere with the penetration and retention of CCA-C during the subsequent pressure treatment. This study compared the penetration and retention of CCA-C in prestained and nonstained end-matched specimens of western hemlock lumber.
Role of Construction
Debris in Release of Copper, Chromium, and Arsenic From Treated Wood Structures
(PDF 117 KB)
Lebow, Stan T.; Halverson, Steven A.; Morrell, Jeffrey J.; Simonsen, John 2000.
USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-584. 6 p.
Recent research on the release of wood preservatives from treated wood used in sensitive environments has not considered the potential contribution from construction residues. This study sought to develop leaching rate data for small construction debris and compare those to the release rate from treated wood itself. Western hemlock boards were pressure treated with chromated copper arsenate Type C (CCA-C), and then common construction tools were used to generate sawdust or shavings from those boards. These wood particles were then leached in deionized water, and the leaching rate was compared with that of solid wood samples cut from the same specimen. Release rate data from this study were also compared with those from end-matched samples that were leached in artificial rain in an earlier study. The release rates of copper, chromium, and arsenic from CCA-C treated chain saw sawdust, circular saw sawdust, and spade bit shavings were many times higher than from solid wood when samples were immersed in water. There was little difference in the release rates among the three types of shavings and sawdust, despite differences in their particle sizes. The rates of release from decking exposed to rainfall were many times lower than that of construction debris or solid wood continually immersed in water. These results show the importance of minimizing the amount of construction debris that is allowed to enter the aquatic environment. However, example calculations also demonstrate that if reasonable efforts are made to minimize release of construction debris, the contribution of these particles to the overall release of preservative from the structure will be minimal.
Western Wood Species Treated With Chromated
Copper Arsenate: Effect of Moisture Content (PDF 100 Kbytes)
LeBow, S.T.; Morrell, J.J.; Milota, M.R. 1996. Forest Prod. J. 46(2): 67-70.
The Role of Grade and Thickness in the
Degradation of Fire-Retardant-Treated Plywood (PDF 226 KB)
Lebow, Stan T.; Winandy, Jerrold E. 1998. Forest Prod. J. 48(6): 88-94.
Shear Test
Fixture Design for Orthotropic Materials (PDF 76 KB)
Liu, Jen Y. 2000. In: Hui, D., ed.
Proceedings, Seventh annual international conference on composites engineering;
2000 July 2-8; Denver, CO. New Orleans, LA: University of New Orleans,
International Community for Composites Engineering and College of Engineering:
553-554.
An Improved Shear Test Fixture Using the
Iosipescu Specimen (PDF 169 KB)
Liu, Jen Y.; Flach, Dwight D.; Ross, Robert J.; Lichtenberg, Gary J. 1999. In:
Perkins, Richard, ed. Mechanics of cellulosic materials-1999. Proceedings, ASME
joint applied mechanics and materials division meeting; 1999 June 27-30;
Blacksburg, VA. New York, NY: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers:
AMD-Vol. 231/MD-Vol. 85: 139-147.
Energy Criterion for Fatique Strength of Wood
Structural Members (PDF 143 KB)
Liu, Jen Y.; Ross, Robert J. 1996. J. Eng. Mater. Tech. 118: 375-378.
Improved Arcan Shear Test for Wood (PDF 312
KB)
Liu, Jen Y.; Ross, Robert J.; Rammer, Douglas 1996. In: Gopu, Vijaya
K.A., ed. Proceedings of the international wood engineering conference; 1996,
October 28-31; New Orleans, LA. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University:
Vol. 2: 85-90.
Duration of Constant and Ramp Loading on
Strength of Wood (PDF 242 KB)
Liu, Jen Y.; Schaffer, Erwin L.1997. J. Eng. Mech. 123(5): 489-494.
Mathematical Relationship Between Surface
Emission and Diffusion Coefficients (PDF 360 Kbytes)
Liu, Jen Y.; Simpson, William T. 1996. Drying Technol. 14(3&4): 677-699.
Solutions of Diffusion Equation With Constant
Diffusion and Surface Emission Coefficients (PDF 161 KB)
Liu, Jen Y.; Simpson, William T. 1997. Drying Technol. 15(10): 2459-2477.
Two-Stage
Moisture Diffusion in Wood With Constant Transport Coefficients (PDF 135
KB)
Liu, Jen Y.;Simpson, William T. 1999. Drying Technol. 17(1&2): 257-269.
Inverse Determination of Diffusion Coefficient
for Moisture Diffusion in Wood (PDF 153 KB)
Liu, Jen Y.; Simpson, William T. 1999. In: Heat and mass transfer in
porous media. Proceedings, 33rd ASME national heat transfer
conference; 1999 August 15-17; Albuquerque, NM. New York, NY: The American
Society of Mechanical Engineers: NHTC999-40: 5 p.
An Inverse Moisture Diffusion Algorithm for the Determination of Diffusion Coefficient (PDF 263 KB)
Liu, Jen Y.; Simpson, William T.; Verrill, Steve P. 2001. Drying Technol. 19(8): 1555-1568.
(http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/liu01a.pdf)
An Inverse
Moisture Diffusion Algorithm for the Determination of Diffusion Coefficient
(PDF 97 KB)
Liu, Jen Y.; Simpson, William T.; Verrill, Steve P. 2000. In: Kerkhof, P.J.A.M.; Coumans, W.J.; Mooiweer, G.D. Proceedings,
12th international drying symposium; 2000 August 28-31;
Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands. EFCE event no. 613.
Effect of Incising and Preservative Treatment
of Shear Strength of Nominal 2-inch Lumber (PDF 172 KB)
Morrell, Jeffrey J.; Gupta, Rakesh; Winandy, Jerrold E.; Riyanto, Djoko S.
1998. Wood Fiber Sci. 30(4): 374-381.
Commentary on
Factors Affecting Transverse Vibration Using an Idealized Theoretical Equation
(PDF 50 KB)
Murphy, Joseph F. 2000. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note FPL-RN-0276. 4 p.
An idealized theoretical equation to calculate flexural stiffness using transverse vibration of a simply end-supported beam is being considered by the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Wood Committee D07 to determine lumber modulus of elasticity. This commentary provides the user a quantitative view of six factors that affect the accuracy of using the idealized theoretical equation, idealized assumptions, and idealized boundary conditions. The six factors that affect the calculation of the flexural modulus of elasticity are ranked in order of importance, and recommendations are given. Not covered are the precision and accuracy of the physical measurements.
Preliminary
Investigation on the Natural Durability of Guayule (Parthenium argentatum)-Based Wood Products (PDF 106 KB)
Nakayama, Francis S.; Chow, Poo; Bajwa, Dilpreet S.; Youngquist, John A.;
Muehl, James H.; Krzysik, Andrzej M. 2000. In:
Proceedings, 31st annual meeting of the International Research Group
on Wood Preservation; 2000 May 14-19; Kona, Hawaii. Stockholm, Sweden: The
International Research Group on Wood Preservation: IRG/WP 00-40154.
The Development of Decay in Untreated,
Second-Growth Douglas-fir Using Two Exposure Techniques in North Queensland,
Australia (PDF 114 KB)
Norton, Jack; DeGroot, Rodney C.; Kleinschmidt, Scott; Crawford, Douglas. 1997.
In: Proceedings of the The International Research Group on Wood
Preservation; 28th annual meeting; 1997 May 25-30; Whistler, British
Columbia, Canada. The Research Group on Wood Preservation. Sec. 2. Test
Methodology and Assessment. IRG/WP 97-60077
Nondestructive Evaluation of Timber Bridges
(PDF 167 KB)
Pellerin, Roy F.; Lavinder, Jeff A.; Ross, Robert J.; Falk, Robert H. 1996. In:
Doctor, Steve; Lebowitz, Carol A.; Baaklini, George Y., eds. Nondestructive
evaluation of materials and composites. Proceedings of symposium; 1996,
December 3-5; Scottsdale, AZ. Bellingham, WA: SPIE The International Society
for Optical Engineering; Vol. 2944: 275-284.
Alternative Wood Preservatives for Use in
Indonesia (PDF 61 KB)
Permadi, Pipin; DeGroot, Rodney C.; Woodward, Bessie 1998. Forest Prod. J.
48(11/12): 98-101.
Fasteners as Damage Indicators in Timber
Structures (PDF 191 KB)
Pollock, David G.; Bender, Donald A.; Soltis, Lawrence A. 1996. In:
Gopu, Vijaya K.A., ed. Proceedings of the international wood engineering
conference; 1996, October 28-31; New Orleans, LA. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana
State University: Vol. 2: 96-103.
Recent Research on the Shear Strength of
Wood Beams (PDF 239 KB)
Rammer, Douglas R.; McLean, David I. 1996. In: Gopu, Vijaya K.A., ed.
Proceedings of the international wood engineering conference; 1996, October
28-31; New Orleans, LA. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University: Vol. 1:
283-290.
Determination of Ylinen's Parameter for
Parallel-Strand Lumber (PDF 266 KB)
Rammer, Douglas R.; Zahn, John J. 1997. J. Struct. Eng. 123(10): 1409-1414.
Using Sound
to Evaluate Standing Timber (PDF 62 KB)
Ross, Robert R. 1999. International Forestry Rev. 1(1): 43-44.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Wood (PDF 165
KB)
Ross, Robert J.; Brashaw, Brian K.; Pellerin, Roy F. 1998. Forest Prod. J.
48(1): 14-19.
Cleaners & Restorers for Wood Decks
(PDF 23 KB)
Ross, Alan; Daisey, George; Jourdain, Charles; Williams, Sam 1998. The Paint
Dealer. 7(4): 30-33.
Scanning Technique to Identify Biologically
Degraded Wood (PDF 105 KB)
Ross, R.J.; DeGroot, R.C. 1998. Experim. Tech. 22(3): 32-33.
Stress Wave NDE of Biologically Degraded Wood
(PDF 187 KB)
Ross, Robert J.; DeGroot, Rodney C.; Nelson, William J.; Lebow, Patricia K.;
Pellerin Roy F. 1996. In: Gopu, Vijaya K.A., ed. Proceedings of the international
wood engineering conference; 1996, October 28-31; New Orleans, LA. Baton Rouge,
LA: Louisiana State University: Vol. 3: 213-217.
The Relationship Between Stress Wave
Transmission Characteristics and the Compressive Strength of Biologically
Degraded Wood (PDF 156 KB)
Ross, Robert J.; DeGroot, Rodney C.; Nelson, William J.; Lebow, Patricia
K.1997. Forest Prod. J. 47(5): 89-93.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Green Defect-Prone
Red Oak Lumber: A Pilot Study (PDF 85 Kbytes)
Ross, Robert J.; Fuller, James J.; Dramm, John R. 1995. Forest Prod. J.
45(11/12): 51-52.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Wetwood and
Honeycomb (PDF 410 Kbytes)
Ross, Robert J.; Fuller, James J.; Dramm, John R. 1995. In: Lowery,
Glenn; Meyer, Dan, eds. Advances in hardwood utilization: Following
profitability from the woods through rough dimension: Proceedings of the 23d
annual hardwood symposium; 1995 May 17-20; Cashiers, NC. Memphis, TN: National
Hardwood Lumber Association: 61-67.
NDE of Historic Structures--USS Constitution
(PDF 278 KB)
Ross, Robert J.; McDonald, Kent A.; Soltis, Lawrence A. 1996. In:
Doctor, Steve; Lebowitz, Carol A.; Baaklini, George Y., eds. Nondestructive
evaluation of materials and composites. Proceedings of symposium; 1996,
December 3-5; Scottsdale, AZ. Bellingham, WA: SPIE The International Society
for Optical Engineering; Vol. 2944: 266-274.
Relationship Between Stress Wave Transmission Time and Compressive Properties of Timbers Removed From Service (PDF 190 KB)
Ross, Robert J.; Pellerin, Roy F.; Forsman, John W.; Erickson, John R.; Lavinder, Jeff A. 2001. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note FPL-RN-0280. 4 p.
(http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn280.pdf)
Stress wave nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are used in the inspection of timber structures and frequently are included as a com-plement to visual inspection procedures. Inspectors use stress wave NDE techniques to locate internal voids and decayed or deteriorated areas in large timbers. Although these techniques have proven useful in inspections, little information exists concerning the relationship between stress wave parameters and important residual strength properties of large timbers. We examined the relationship between stress wave trans-mission time and the residual strength of large timbers obtained from two different structures. Stress wave transmission time, perpendicular to grain, was measured at several locations on each timber. Static compression tests, both parallel and perpendicular to grain, were then per-formed. A strong relationship was found between stress wave transmission time and residual strength in compression parallel and perpendicu-lar to grain.
Inspection
of Timber Bridges Using Stress Wave Timing Nondestructive Evaluation Tools--A
Guide for Use and Interpretation (PDF 414 KB)
Ross, Robert J.; Pellerin, Roy F.; Volny, Norbert; Salsig, William W.; Falk,
Robert H. 1999. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-114. 15 p.
This guide was prepared to assist inspectors in the use of stress wave timing instruments and the various methods of locating and defining areas of decay in timber bridge members. The first two sections provide (a) background information regarding conventional methods to locate and measure decay in timber bridges and (b) the principles of stress wave nondestructive testing and its measurement techniques. The last section is a detailed description of how to apply the field use of stress wave nondestructive testing methods. A sample field data acquisition form and additional reference material are included in the Appendix. This guide includes all the information needed to begin to utilize and interpret results from stress wave timing nondestructive evaluation methods.
Assessing Wood Members in the USS
Constitution Using Non-Destructive Evaluation Methods (PDF 182 KB)
Ross, Robert J.; Soltis, Lawrence A.; Otton, Patrick 1998. APT Bull.--J.
Preserv. Tech. 29(2): 21-25.
Comparison
of Several Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques for Assessing Stiffness and MOE
of Small-Diameter Logs (PDF 184 KB)
Ross, Robert J.; Wang, Xiping; Mattson, James A.; Erickson, John R.; Forsman,
John W.; Geske, Earl A.; Wehr, Michael A. 2000. In: Proceedings of the
12th International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of Wood; 2000
September 13-15; University of Western Hungary, Sopron. Divos, Ferenc, ed.
2000. Sopron, Hungary: University of Western Hungary. 155-163.
A Stress Wave Based Approach to NDE of Logs
for Assessing Potential Veneer Quality. Part 1. Small-Diameter Ponderosa Pine
(PDF 89 KB)
Ross, Robert J.; Willits, Susan W.; von Segen, William; Black, Terry; Brashaw,
Brian K.; Pellerin, Roy F. 1999. Forest Prod. J. 49(11/12): 60-62.
Nondestructive Methods for Detecting Defects in
Softwood Logs (PDF 1.2 MB)
Schad, Kristin C.; Schmoldt, Daniel L.; Ross, Robert J. 1996. USDA Forest Serv.
Res. Pap. FPL-RP-546. 13 p.
This paper briefly describes sound wave transmission, x-ray CT, and impulse radar and reports the results of tests using these nondestructive evaluation methods.
Ultrasonic Defeat Detection in Wooden Pallet
Parts for Quality Sorting (PDF 362 KB)
Schmoldt, Daniel L.; Nelson, Robert M.; Ross, Robert J. 1996. In:
Doctor, Steve; Lebowitz, Carol A.; Baaklini, George Y., eds. Nondestructive
evaluation of materials and composites. Proceedings of symposium; 1996,
December 3-5; Scottsdale, AZ. Bellingham, WA: SPIE The International Society
for Optical Engineering; Vol. 2944: 285-295.
Inadequate Redrying Linked to Dimensional Instability of CCA-Treated Southern Pine Lumber (PDF 60 KB)
Shupe, Todd F.; Lebow, Stan T.; Choong, Elvin T.; Xiong, Manzhen. 2001. Forest Prod. J. 51(5): 59-62.
(http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/shupe01a.pdf)
Biocide Protection of Field-Drilled Bolt
Holes in Red Oak, Yellow-Poplar, Loblolly Pine, and Douglas-Fir (PDF 179
KB)
Silva, A.A.; Love, C.S.; Morrell, J.J.; DeGroot, R.C. 1999. Forest Prod. J.
49(6): 61-66.
Method to Estimate Dry-Kiln Schedules and
Species Groupings (PDF 528 KB)
Simpson, William T. 1996. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-548. 57 p.
This report investigates the possibility of estimating kiln schedules and grouping species for drying using basic specific gravity as the primary variable for prediction and grouping.
Effect of Air Velocity on the Drying Rate of
Single Eastern White Pine Boards (PDF 253 KB)
Simpson, William T. 1997. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note FPL-RN-266.
This report provides quantification of the effects of air velocity on drying rate of individual eastern white pine boards. An empirical equation correlating moisture content with time during drying was used to aid in the analysis.
Equilibrium Moisture Content of Wood in Outdoor
Locations in the United States and Worldwide (PDF 565 KB)
Simpson, William T. 1998. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note FPL-RN-0268. 11 p.
The purpose of this note is to provide a list of locations, both within and outside the United States, with the mean monthly equilibrium moisture content (EMC) values of wood exposed to the outdoor atmosphere but protected from direct precipitation or sun. A secondary purpose is to provide easy to use information on the decrease in relative humidity, thus EMC, that results from increasing the temperature of an enclosed storage space above the temperature of the outdoor ambient temperature.
Relationship Between Speed of Sound and
Moisture Content of Red Oak and Hard Maple During Drying (PDF 161 KB)
Simpson, William T. 1998. Wood Fiber Sci. 30(4): 405-413.
Heating Times for Round and Rectangular Cross Sections of Wood in Steam (PDF 850 KB)
Simpson, William T. 2001. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-130. 103 p.
(http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr130.pdf)
Heat sterilization of wood in various forms is currently receiving attention as a means of killing insects or pathogens to prevent their transfer from one region of the world to another in trade. One concern is the amount of time required to heat wood of various cross-sectional sizes and configurations to a temperature that will kill the insects or pathogens. Estimation of heating time depends on many variables. One estimation method uses heat conduction equations. This report reviews heat conduction equations for round and rectangular cross sections of wood and their validity through experimental data from the literature and experiments. The heat conduction equations used in this analysis apply only for steam as the heating medium-the use of dry heat extends heating times beyond the estimates provided by the heat conduction equations. Tables are given for the time required to heat the center of cross sections of various dimensions to various temperatures at different heating temperatures in steam.
Kiln-Drying Maple Structural Lumber From Log
Heart Cants (PDF 220 KB)
Simpson, William T.; Forsman, John W.; Ross, Robert J. 1998. Forest Prod. J.
48(6): 70-76.
Effect of Moisture Content on Warp in Hardwood
2 by 6's for Structural Use (PDF 568 KB)
Simpson, William T.; Forsman, John W. 1999. USDA Forest Service Res. Pap.
FPL-RP-580. 8 p.
Sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red maple (Acer rubrum), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) 2 by 6's were dried and evaluated for warp as it affects ability to meet softwood dimension lumber grading rule requirements for warp. In the first part of the study, sugar maple was kiln-dried to three levels of final moisture content: 27%, 19%, and 12%. Warp during kiln drying increased as final moisture content decreased. Following kiln drying, the lumber was planed and then equilibrated in 12% equilibrium moisture content conditions. Warp during equilibration generally increased as the final moisture content after kiln drying increased. Crook, bow, and twist did not increase enough during equilibration to cause much structural lumber grade loss from warp. However, the percentage of boards still meeting structural lumber grade limits for cup fell to about 80%. In the second part of the study, sugar maple, red maple, and yellow birch 2 by 6's were air- and predried to 27% moisture content and, in general, did not suffer much grade loss during equilibration.
Estimates
of Air Drying Times for Several Hardwoods and Softwoods (PDF 1.7 MB)
Simpson, William T.; Hart, C.A. 2000. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep.
FPL-GTR-121. 70 p.
Published data on estimated air drying times of lumber are of limited usefulness because they are restricted to a specific location or to the time of year the lumber is stacked for drying. At best, these estimates give a wide range of possible times over a broad range of possible locations and stacking dates. The report describes a method for estimating air drying times for specific locations by optimizing a drying simulation using existing experimental air drying times for northern red oak, sugar maple, American beech, yellow-poplar, ponderosa pine, and Douglas-fir. The results are simulation parameters that make it possible to estimate the air drying times of these species regardless of when they are stacked, in any location where average temperature and relative humidity are known, and for lumber of any thickness dried to any final moisture content. Graphs of these estimated air drying times to several final moisture contents are given for several nominal thicknesses of lumber at various locations within the growing range of the six species studied.
An Optimization Technique to Determine Red
Oak Surface and Internal Moisture Transfer Coefficients During Drying (PDF
180 KB)
Simpson, William T.; Liu, Jen Y. 1997. Wood and Fiber Sci. 29(4): 312-318.
Method for
Adjusting Warp Measurements to a Different Board Dimension (PDF 102 KB)
Simpson, William T.; Shelly, John R. 2000. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note
FPL-RN-0273. 3 p.
Warp in lumber is a common problem that occurs while lumber is being dried. In research or other testing programs, it is sometimes necessary to compare warp of different species or warp caused by different process variables. If lumber dimensions are not the same, then direct comparisons are not possible, and adjusting warp to a common dimension would be desirable so that these comparisons are possible. In this report, two methods of adjusting warp to different dimensions are developed--one based on the geometry of bow and crook and another based on the geometry of twist. These methods provide a way to adjust crook and bow measurements to a different length and to adjust twist to a different length or width so that comparisons are possible.
Effect of Thickness Variation on Warp in
High-Temperature Drying Plantation-Grown Loblolly Pine 2 by 4's (PDF 298
KB)
Simpson, William T.; Tschernitz, John L. 1998. Wood Fiber Sci. 30(2): 165-174.
Estimating Kiln Schedules for Tropical and
Temperate Hardwoods Using Specific Gravity (PDF 154 KB)
Simpson, William T.; Verrill, Steve P. 1997. Forest Prod. J. 47(7/8): 64-68.
Time-Based Kiln Drying Schedule for Sugar Maple for Structural Uses (PDF 448 KB)
Simpson, William T.; Wang, Xiping. 2001. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note FPL-RN-0279. 4 p.
(http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn279.pdf)
The conversion of a moisture-content-based kiln schedule to a time-based schedule for drying nominal 2- by 6-in. (standard 38- by 140-mm) sugar maple lumber for structural use is described. The recommended schedule requires 115 h of drying time followed by a 15-h equalizing period.
Relationship Between Longitudinal Stress Wave Transit Time and Moisture Content of Lumber During Kiln-Drying (PDF 101 KB)
Simpson, William T.; Wang, Xiping. 2001. Forest Prod. J. 51(10): 51-54.
(http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/simps01a.pdf)
Preservative Treatment Evaluation With CCA
and ACQ-B of Four Appalachian Wood Species for Use in Timber Transportation
Structures (PDF 369 KB)
Slahor, Jeffrey J.; Hassler, Curt C.; DeGroot, Rodney C.; Gardner, Douglas J.
1997. Forest Prod. J. 47(9): 33-42.
Preservative Treatment Evaluation of Red
Maple and Yellow-Poplar with ACQ-B (PDF 110 KB)
Slahor, Jeffery J.; Hassler, Curt C.; DeGroot, Rodney C.; Gardner, Douglas
J.1997. Forest Prod. J. 47(4): 50-54.
Preservative Treatment of Red Maple (PDF
129 KB)
Smith, William B.; Abdullah, Nazri; Herdman, Douglas; DeGroot, Rodney C.1996.
Forest Prod. J. 46(3): 35-41.
Nondestructive
Structural Evaluation of Wood Floor Systems in Historic Buildings (PDF 319
KB)
Soltis, L.A.; Hunt, M.O.; Ross, R. J.; Wang, X., Cai, Z. 2000. In:
Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Nondestructive
Testing of Wood; 2000 September 13-15; University of Western Hungary, Sopron.
Divos, Ferenc, ed. 2000. Sopron, Hungary: University of Western Hungary.
279-288.
Repair of
White Oak Glued-Laminated Beams (PDF 106 KB)
Soltis, Lawrence A.; Ross, Robert J. 1999. In: Bank, Lawrence C., ed.
Materials and construction--Exploring the connection. Proceedings, 5th ASCE
materials engineering congress; 1999 May 10-12; Cincinnati, OH. Reston, VA:
American Society of Civil Engineers: 116-123.
Heat Release Rate of Wood-Plastic Composites
(PDF 868 KB)
Stark, Nicole M.; White, Robert H.; Clemons, Craig M. 1997. SAMPE J. 33(5):
26-31.
Flattening
Wavy Eucalyptus Veneer During Finish-Drying (PDF 106 KB)
Steinhagen, H. Peter; Rozas, Carlos; Knattabi, Abdellatif; Loehnertz, Stephen
P.; Poblete, Mar�a Jes�s 1999. Forest Prod. J. 49(1): 63-66.
Fire Performance of Wood Treated With Combined
Fire-Retardant and Preservative Systems (PDF 569 KB)
Sweet, Mitchell S.; Levan, Susan L.; White, Robert H.; Tran, Hao C.; DeGroot,
Rodney 1996. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-545. 10 p.
FPL Roof Temperature and Mositure
Model--Description and Verification (PDF 468 KB)
Anton TenWolde1997. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-561. 48 p.
This paper describes a mathematical model to predict attic temperatures, relative humidities, and roof sheathing moisture content.Mold and Decay in TriState Homes (PDF 83 KB)
Air Pressures in Wood Frame Walls (PDF
290 KB)
TenWolde, Anton; Carll, Charles G.; Malinauskas, Vyto 1998. In: Proceedings,
Thermal performance of the exterior envelopes of buildings VII; 1998 December
6-10; Clearwater Beach, FL: 665-675.
Issues
Related to Venting of Attics and Cathedral Ceilings (PDF 140 KB)
TenWolde, Anton; Rose, William B. 1999. CH-99-11-4. ASHRAE Trans. 105(1): 1-7.
Power
Calculations in the Predictor Sort Computer Program (PDF 155 KB)
Verrill, Steve P.; Green, David W.; Herian, Victoria L. 2000. USDA Forest Serv.
Res. Note FPL-RN-0277. 4 p.
In a series of papers Verrill, Green, and Herian have developed theory and a computer program to aid in the design and analysis of predictor sort experiments. The report provides the mathematical justification for the power calculations that the predictor sort program implements.
Treatability and Durability of Heartwood
(PDF 259 KB)
Wang, John Z.; DeGroot, Rodney1996. In: Ritter, Michael A.; Duwardi,
Shella Rimal; Lee, Paula D. Hilbrich, eds. Proceedings, National conference on
wood transportation structures--wood preservatives; 1996 October 23-25;
Madison, WI. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Forest Products Laboratory. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR 94:
252-260.
Nondestructive
Evaluation of Standing Trees With Stress Wave Methods (PDF 261 KB)
Wang, Xiping, Ross, Robert J.; Erickson, John R.; Forsman, John W.; McClellan,
Michael; Barbour, R. James; Pellerin, Roy F. 2000: In: Proceedings of
the 12th International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of Wood;
2000 September 13-15; University of Western Hungary, Sopron. Divos, Ferenc, ed.
2000. Sopron, Hungary: University of Western Hungary. 197-206.
Nondestructive
Methods of Evaluating Quality of Wood in Preservative-Treated Piles (PDF
188 KB)
Wang, Xiping; Ross, Robert J.; Erickson, John R.; Forsman, John W.; McGinnis,
Gary D.; DeGroot, Rodney C. 2000. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note FPL-RN-0274. 9 p.
Stress-wave-based nondestructive evaluation methods were used to evaluate the potential quality and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of wood in used preservative-treated Douglas-fir and southern pine piles. Stress wave measurements were conducted on each pile section. Stress wave propagation speeds in the piles were then obtained to estimate their MOE. This was followed by a sequence of tests conducted on octagon-shaped cants, on boards, and on small, clear wood specimens obtained from the piles. Statistical regression analyses revealed a strong correlation between the stress-wave-based MOE (MOEd) of piles and octagons and the corresponding flexural properties of boards and small, clear wood specimens determined by transverse vibration and static bending techniques, respectively. The results also indicated that used preservative-treated wood piles still contain material that has potential for use in exterior structural applications.Nondestructive Evaluation of Potential Quality of Creosote-Treated Piles Removed From Service (PDF 86 KB)
Several Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques for Assessing Stiffness and MOE of Small-Diameter Logs (PDF 340 KB)
Wang, Xiping; Ross, Robert J.; Mattson, James A.; Erickson, John R.; Forsman, John W.; Geske, Earl A.; Wehr, Michael A. 2001. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-600. 12 p.
(http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp600.pdf)
Many forests of the United States have large areas that contain trees of small diameter, mixed species, and undefined quality. Because these areas are at risk from attack by insects, disease, and uncontrollable wild fires, it is essential to find ways to increase the incentive to harvest this small-diameter material. One way to do this is to develop cost-effective products for the fiber from these trees. Nondestructive technology needs to be developed to evaluate the potential quality of stems and logs obtained from trees in such ecosystems. Static bending, transverse vi-bration, and longitudinal stress wave techniques are frequently used to assess the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of lumber. Excellent correla-tions between MOE values obtained from these techniques have been reported. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of these techniques to evaluate the flexural stiffness and MOE of small-diameter logs. A total of 159 red pine and jack pine logs were obtained from northern Michigan and were assessed nondestructively using these techniques. Statistical comparisons between stiffness and MOE values ob-tained from each technique were then examined. Results of this study demonstrated that strong relationships exist between the log properties determined by the three techniques, longitudinal stress wave, transverse vibration, and static bending. Developed models allow for the predic-tion of static bending properties of logs at levels of accuracy previously considered unattainable. This indicates that any of these techniques can be used to sort small-diameter logs with reasonable accuracy.
Strength and
Stiffness Assessment of Standing Trees Using a Nondestructive Stress Wave
Technique (PDF 262 KB)
Wang, Xiping, Ross, Robert J.; McClellan, Michael; Barbour, R. James; Erickson,
John R.; Forsman, John W.; McGinnis, Gary D. 2000. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap.
FPL-RP-585. 9 p.
Nature's engineering of wood through genetics, stand conditions, and environment creates wide variability in wood as a material, which in turn introduces difficulties in wood processing and utilization. Manufacturers sometimes find it difficult to consistently process wood into quality products because of its wide range of properties. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the usefulness of a stress wave technique for evaluating wood strength and stiffness of young-growth western hemlock and Sitka spruce in standing trees. A secondary objective was to determine if the effects of silvicultural practices on wood quality can be identified using this technique. Stress wave measurements were conducted on 168 young-growth western hemlock and Sitka spruce trees. After in situ measurements, a 2-ft- (0.61-m-) long bole section in the test span was taken from 56 felled trees to obtain small, clear wood specimens. Stress wave and static bending tests were then performed on these specimens to determine strength and stiffness. Results of this study indicate that in situ stress wave measurements could provide relatively accurate and reliable information that would enable nondestructive evaluation of wood properties in standing trees.Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With a Stress Wave Method (PDF 282 KB)
Tensile Strength of Fire-Exposed Wood Members
(PDF 157 KB)
White, Robert H. 1996. In: Gopu, Vijaya K.A., ed. Proceedings of the
international wood engineering conference; 1996, October 28-31; New Orleans,
LA. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University: Vol. 2: 385-390.
Wildland/Urban
Interface Fire Research at the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory:
Past, Present, and Future (PDF 83 KB)
White, Robert H. 2000. In: Proceedings of the 30th
international conference on fire safety; 12th international
conference on thermal insulation; 4th international conference on
electrical and electronic products; 2000 January 24-27; White Sulphur Springs,
WV. Sissonville, WV: Product Safety Corporation: 33-43.
Charring
Rate of Composite Timber Products (PDF 143 KB)
White, Robert H. 2000. In: Osvald,
Anton, ed. Proceedings of Wood & Fire Safety, 4th international
scientific conference, Pt. 1; 2000 May 14-19; Palria, Strbske Pieso, Slovak
Republic. Zvolen, Slovakia: Faculty of Wood Technology, Technical University of
Zvolen: 353-363.
Fire
Performance of Hardwood Species (PDF 90 KB)
White, Robert H. 2000. In: Forests and society: the role of research.
Proceedings, 11th IUFRO World Congress; 2000 August 7-12; Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia. 13 p.
Flammability of Christmas Trees and Other
Vegetation (PDF 213 KB)
White, Robert H.; DeMars, Denise; Bishop, Mark 1997. In: Proceedings, 24th
international conference on fire safety; 1997 July 21-24; Columbus, Ohio.
Sissonville, WV: Product Safety Corporation: 99-110.
Comparison of Test Protocols for Standard
Room/Corner Tests (PDF 204 KB)
White, R.H.; Dietenberger, M.A.; Tran, H. 1998. In: Proceedings of the
5th international conference of Fire and Materials '98; 1998 February 23-24;
San Antonio, TX. London, United Kingdom: Interscience Communications Ltd.:
77-88.
Comparison of Test Protocols for the Standard
Room/Corner Test (PDF 197 KB)
White, Robert H.; Dietenberger, Mark A.; Tran, Hao; Grexa, Ondrej; Richardson,
Les; Sumathipala, Kuma; Janssens, Marc 1999. Fire Mater. 23: 139-146.
Charring Rate of Wood Exposed to a Constant
Heat Flux (PDF 121 KB)
White, Robert H.; Tran, Hao C. 1996. In: Wood & Fire Safety.
Proceedings, 3rd international scientific conference; 1996, May 6-9; Slovak
Republic. Zvolen, Slovak Republic: Technical University Zvolen, Faculty of Wood
Technology: 175-183.
Preliminary Evaluation of the Flammability of
Native and Ornamental Plants With the Cone Calorimeter (PDF 199 KB)
White, Robert H.; Weise, David R.; Frommer, Susan 1996. In: Proceedings
of 21st international conference on fire safety; 1996 January 8-12; Millbrae,
CA.Sissonville, WV: Product Safety Corporation: 257-265.
Serviceability
Modeling--Predicting and Extending the Useful Service Life of FRT-Plywood Roof
Sheathing (PDF 497 KB)
Winandy, Jerrold E. 2000. In: Test methodology and assessment. Sec. 2.
Research Group on Wood Preservation, 31st annual meeting; 2000 May
14-19; Kona, Hawaii. Stockholm, Sweden: The International Research Group on
Wood Preservation. Document IRG/WP 00-20210.
Treatability Problems-Relationships Between Anatomy, Chemical Composition and Treatability (PDF 887 KB)
Winandy, Jerrold E.; Green, Fredrick III; Keefe, Donn. 2001. 32d annual meeting; 2001, May 20-24; Nara, Japan. Sec. 4. Properties and Processes. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation. Document IRG/WP 01-40213.
(http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/winan01b.pdf)
Feasibility of Fiberglass-Reinforced Bolted
Wood Connections (PDF 274 KB)
Windorski, Daniel F.; Soltis, Lawrence A.; Ross, Robert J.1997. USDA Forest
Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-562. 9 p.
This study examined the technical feasibility of reinforcing wood at bolted connections with fiberglass and epoxy resin. Test results are given for connections loaded both parallel and perpendicular to grain. In addition, shear block and tension perpendicular-to-grain strength results are given to gain insight on how material properties correlate with connection behavior. The scope was limited to one wood species, one type of fiberglass reinforcing system, one epoxy resin, one connection configuration, and three layers of reinforcement.Tolerance of Wolfiporia cocos Isolates to Copper in Agar Media (PDF 230 KB)
Nondestructive Evaluation of Biodegraded Oriented Strandboard: Laboratory Results (PDF 91 KB)
Yang, Vina W.; Nelson, William J.; Illman, Barbara L.; Ross, Robert J. 2000. In: Proceedings, 2nd annual conference PATH consortium for wood-frame housing in cooperation with the Forest Products Society; 2000 November 6-8; Madison, WI. Madison, WI: Forest Products Society: 227-230.
(http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2000/yang00a.pdf)